https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/tags/twentieth-century-philosophy/ Recent content in Twentieth-Century-Philosophy on Philosophy in Summary — Thinkers & Syntheses Hugo en Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/achille-mbembe/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/achille-mbembe/ Joseph-Achille Mbembe was born in 1957 in Otélé, Cameroon. He trained in history and philosophy at the Sorbonne (Paris I) and received his doctorate from… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/camus/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/camus/ Born in 1913 in French Algeria, into a poor settler (pied-noir) family, Albert Camus lost his father in infancy, in the First World War, and was raised by… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/russell/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/russell/ Born in 1872 into an influential British aristocratic family — he was the grandson of a prime minister — Bertrand Russell had one of the longest and most… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/levi-strauss/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/levi-strauss/ French anthropologist and philosopher; founder of structuralism in the human sciences. He applied Saussure's model of linguistics to anthropology… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/husserl/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/husserl/ Born in 1859 in Prossnitz, in Moravia (then part of the Austrian Empire), Edmund Husserl trained as a mathematician before turning to philosophy under the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/frantz-fanon/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/frantz-fanon/ Frantz Omar Fanon was born on 20 July 1925 in Fort-de-France, Martinique (then a French colony). A psychiatrist, essayist, and political militant, he is… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/deleuze/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/deleuze/ French philosopher; created a philosophy of difference and multiplicity that subverts the metaphysical tradition centered on identity. Produced solo works… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hla-hart/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hla-hart/ British legal philosopher, leading exponent of 20th-century legal positivism; The Concept of Law (1961) reshaped the debate on the nature of law. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hannah-arendt/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hannah-arendt/ German-American political philosopher, Jewish, student of Heidegger and Jaspers. Thinker of totalitarianism, political freedom, and human action. One of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/gadamer/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/gadamer/ German philosopher; principal representative of philosophical hermeneutics in the 20th century. Student of Heidegger; his work Truth and Method (1960)… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/bergson/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/bergson/ French philosopher; Nobel Prize in Literature (1927). Criticized scientific mechanism and intellectualism, proposing intuition as a superior philosophical… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marcuse/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marcuse/ Born in Berlin in 1898, Herbert Marcuse fought in the First World War, studied philosophy with Heidegger and Husserl at Freiburg, and joined the Institute… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/derrida/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/derrida/ Algerian-French philosopher; founder of deconstruction. He subverted the Western metaphysical tradition by showing that it is structured by hierarchical… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/sartre/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/sartre/ Philosopher, novelist, and playwright, Jean-Paul Sartre was born in Paris in 1905 and trained at the École Normale Supérieure, where he met Simone de… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/john-rawls/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/john-rawls/ American political philosopher; A Theory of Justice (1971) relaunched normative political philosophy after decades of dominance by positivism and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/judith-butler/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/judith-butler/ American philosopher; central figure in queer theory and gender studies. Gender Trouble (1990) transformed the humanities by proposing that gender is not… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/karl-jaspers/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/karl-jaspers/ German psychiatrist and philosopher, one of the central figures of the philosophy of existence alongside Heidegger and Kierkegaard. He moved from… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/karl-popper/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/karl-popper/ Austrian-British philosopher. Proposed falsificationism as a criterion for scientific demarcation and defended the open society against totalitarianism… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kwame-anthony-appiah/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kwame-anthony-appiah/ Kwame Anthony Appiah was born on 8 May 1954 in London, to a Ghanaian father (Joe Appiah, lawyer and politician) and a British mother (Peggy Cripps). He… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kwame-nkrumah/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kwame-nkrumah/ Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972) was born in Nkroful, Gold Coast (present-day Ghana). He studied in the USA (Lincoln University and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leopold-sedar-senghor/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leopold-sedar-senghor/ Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906–2001): poet, philosopher, and first president of Senegal, the chief theorist of Négritude and of the Civilization of the Universal. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wittgenstein/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wittgenstein/ Born in Vienna in 1889, into one of the wealthiest and most cultured families of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ludwig Wittgenstein began by studying… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/martha-nussbaum/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/martha-nussbaum/ American philosopher, professor at the University of Chicago. One of the most influential contemporary thinkers, she works at the intersection of ethics… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/heidegger/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/heidegger/ Martin Heidegger was born in Meßkirch, in southern Germany, in 1889, into a modest Catholic family, and came to philosophy by way of theology. Assistant… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/merleau-ponty/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/merleau-ponty/ Born in 1908 in France, Maurice Merleau-Ponty trained at the École Normale Supérieure alongside Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, with whom he would found… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/horkheimer/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/horkheimer/ Born in Stuttgart in 1895, Max Horkheimer was the organizing soul of the Frankfurt School: in 1930 he took over the directorship of the Institute for… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/foucault/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/foucault/ Michel Foucault was born in Poitiers in 1926 and trained at the École Normale Supérieure, where his teachers included Jean Hyppolite and Louis Althusser… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mikhail-bakhtin/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mikhail-bakhtin/ Mikhail Bakhtin (1895–1975): Russian philosopher of language and literary theorist, thinker of dialogism, polyphony, heteroglossia, the carnivalesque, and the chronotope. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nikolai-berdiaev/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nikolai-berdiaev/ Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948): Russian religious philosopher, the 'Christian existentialist,' thinker of primordial freedom, the person, and creativity, expelled from Soviet Russia in 1922. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/peter-singer/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/peter-singer/ Australian philosopher, professor at Princeton University. He is the most influential living utilitarian philosopher and one of the founders of the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ronald-dworkin/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ronald-dworkin/ American legal and moral philosopher; critic of Hart's positivism, proponent of law as integrity — Taking Rights Seriously (1977) and Law's Empire (1986). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/freud/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/freud/ Neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis. Although not strictly a philosopher, his theory of the unconscious, drives, and repression became one of the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/simone-de-beauvoir/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/simone-de-beauvoir/ French philosopher; intellectual companion of Sartre. Founder of existentialist feminism. The Second Sex is one of the most influential books of the 20th… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/simone-weil/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/simone-weil/ French philosopher, mystic, and activist. A student of Alain (Émile Chartier) at the École Normale Supérieure, she worked alongside factory laborers and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/slavoj-%C5%BEi%C5%BEek/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/slavoj-%C5%BEi%C5%BEek/ Slovenian philosopher and cultural theorist, researcher at the University of Ljubljana. He combines the psychoanalysis of Jacques Lacan with the dialectic… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adorno/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adorno/ Born in Frankfurt in 1903, Theodor W. Adorno was, alongside Horkheimer, the most rigorous figure of the first generation of the Frankfurt School. Also… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/thomas-kuhn/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/thomas-kuhn/ American historian and philosopher of science. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) completely transformed the understanding of scientific… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/walter-benjamin/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/walter-benjamin/ Born in Berlin in 1892, Walter Benjamin was one of the most original and unclassifiable figures of twentieth-century thought — philosopher, literary…