https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/tags/political-philosophy/ Recent content in Political Philosophy on Philosophy in Summary — Thinkers & Syntheses Hugo en Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/capability-approach-sen-nussbaum-development-freedom/ Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/capability-approach-sen-nussbaum-development-freedom/ What does a dignified life mean? The capability approach of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum criticizes utilitarianism and GDP and proposes assessing well-being by the real freedoms — functionings and capabilities — that people have to live as they have reason to value. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/deliberative-democracy-habermas-schmitt-mouffe/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/deliberative-democracy-habermas-schmitt-mouffe/ An examination of Habermas's theory of deliberative democracy — the discourse principle, the public sphere, Faktizität und Geltung — and its critics: Schmitt, Mouffe, Iris Marion Young, and Sheldon Wolin. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/rawls-nozick-justice-liberty-political-philosophy/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/rawls-nozick-justice-liberty-political-philosophy/ The central debate of 20th-century political philosophy: Rawls defends justice as fairness with redistribution; Nozick defends the minimal state and absolute individual rights. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/machiavelli-prince-virtu-fortuna-autonomy-of-politics/ Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/machiavelli-prince-virtu-fortuna-autonomy-of-politics/ A rigorous analysis of Machiavelli's political thought — the separation between politics and morality, a reading of The Prince and the Discourses, and the concepts of virtù, fortuna, and necessità as keys to the founding of modern politics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/social-contract-hobbes-locke-rousseau-foundation-modern-politics/ Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/social-contract-hobbes-locke-rousseau-foundation-modern-politics/ An analysis of the three great versions of modern contractualism — Hobbes's Leviathan, Locke's civil government, and Rousseau's general will — and how each grounds a distinct model of state, liberty, and political legitimacy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/justice-philosophy-plato-aristotle-rawls-natural-law/ Wed, 13 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/justice-philosophy-plato-aristotle-rawls-natural-law/ The concept of justice in philosophy: Plato, Aristotle, natural law, contractualism, utilitarianism, Rawls, Nozick, Sen, and contemporary debates. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/hannah-arendt-political-philosophy-banality-evil-vita-activa/ Sat, 09 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/hannah-arendt-political-philosophy-banality-evil-vita-activa/ Hannah Arendt's political thought: the banality of evil, the human condition, vita activa, totalitarianism, and the defense of public space as the realm of freedom. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/alienation-philosophy-hegel-marx-labor/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/alienation-philosophy-hegel-marx-labor/ The concept of alienation in philosophy: Hegel, Feuerbach, Marx (alienated labor, commodity fetishism), Marcuse, and Debord. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/judith-butler-gender-performativity-critiques/ Tue, 28 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/judith-butler-gender-performativity-critiques/ A rigorous analysis of Judith Butler's thought — from gender performativity to queer theory — followed by an honest critical assessment of the weak points and the most compelling philosophical objections to her work. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/achille-mbembe/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/achille-mbembe/ Joseph-Achille Mbembe was born in 1957 in Otélé, Cameroon. He trained in history and philosophy at the Sorbonne (Paris I) and received his doctorate from… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/aime-cesaire/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/aime-cesaire/ Aimé Césaire (1913–2008): Martinican poet and politician, co-founder of Négritude and author of Discourse on Colonialism, which denounced colonialism as a barbarism that dehumanizes the colonizer too. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/al-farabi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/al-farabi/ Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Fārābī (c. 872–c. 950) was one of the greatest philosophers of the medieval Islamic world, called by the tradition "the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/amartya-sen/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/amartya-sen/ Amartya Sen (b. 1933): Indian economist and philosopher, 1998 Nobel laureate in Economics, creator of the capability approach and author of Development as Freedom. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/carl-schmitt/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/carl-schmitt/ Carl Schmitt (1888–1985), German jurist and political theorist, author of foundational concepts including sovereignty, the state of exception, the friend/enemy distinction, and political theology. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/charles-taylor/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/charles-taylor/ Charles Taylor (b. 1931): Canadian philosopher, author of Sources of the Self and A Secular Age, central figure of communitarianism and critic of the disengaged self. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/cicero/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/cicero/ Roman philosopher, orator, and statesman. The most important figure in transmitting Greek philosophy to the Latin world. His eclecticism synthesized… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/confucius/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/confucius/ Confucius (Chinese: Kǒngzǐ 孔子, "Master Kong"; Jesuit Latinisation: Confucius) was born in the state of Lu (present-day Shandong province, China) in 551… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/frantz-fanon/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/frantz-fanon/ Frantz Omar Fanon was born on 20 July 1925 in Fort-de-France, Martinique (then a French colony). A psychiatrist, essayist, and political militant, he is… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/agamben/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/agamben/ Giorgio Agamben is an Italian philosopher born in Rome in 1942, professor at the universities of Verona and Venice (IUAV), as well as at various European… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hannah-arendt/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hannah-arendt/ German-American political philosopher, Jewish, student of Heidegger and Jaspers. Thinker of totalitarianism, political freedom, and human action. One of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/isaiah-berlin/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/isaiah-berlin/ Latvian-British political philosopher and historian of ideas, one of the greatest liberal thinkers of the 20th century. Famous for the distinction between… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/john-rawls/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/john-rawls/ American political philosopher; A Theory of Justice (1971) relaunched normative political philosophy after decades of dominance by positivism and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kwame-nkrumah/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kwame-nkrumah/ Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972) was born in Nkroful, Gold Coast (present-day Ghana). He studied in the USA (Lincoln University and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/laozi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/laozi/ Essential historical note: The existence of Laozi as an individual historical figure is debated among specialists. The historian Sima Qian (c. 145–86… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leopold-sedar-senghor/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leopold-sedar-senghor/ Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906–2001): poet, philosopher, and first president of Senegal, the chief theorist of Négritude and of the Civilization of the Universal. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marilena-chaui/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marilena-chaui/ Marilena Chaui (b. 1941): Brazilian philosopher, Spinoza scholar, critic of the 'ideology of competence' and author of Convite à Filosofia. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/martha-nussbaum/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/martha-nussbaum/ American philosopher, professor at the University of Chicago. One of the most influential contemporary thinkers, she works at the intersection of ethics… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mary-wollstonecraft/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mary-wollstonecraft/ Mary Wollstonecraft was a British writer, philosopher, and advocate for women's rights, whose A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) is considered… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mencio/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mencio/ Classical Confucian philosopher (c. 372–289 BCE), known as the 'Second Sage' of Confucianism. He defended the innate goodness of human nature and the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/michael-sandel/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/michael-sandel/ Michael Sandel (b. 1953): Harvard political philosopher, critic of Rawlsian liberalism, and author of Justice and The Tyranny of Merit. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rorty/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rorty/ Richard McKay Rorty was an American philosopher who taught at Princeton, the University of Virginia, and Stanford. He began as an analytic philosopher… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nozick/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nozick/ Robert Nozick was an American political philosopher and professor at Harvard, whose Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) became the most systematic and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ronald-dworkin/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ronald-dworkin/ American legal and moral philosopher; critic of Hart's positivism, proponent of law as integrity — Taking Rights Seriously (1977) and Law's Empire (1986). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/thomas-morus/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/thomas-morus/ English humanist, jurist, and statesman. Lord Chancellor of Henry VIII; refused to recognize the king as supreme head of the Church and was beheaded… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/w-e-b-du-bois/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/w-e-b-du-bois/ W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963): African-American sociologist and philosopher, author of The Souls of Black Folk, who formulated the concepts of double consciousness and the color line. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/xunzi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/xunzi/ Classical Confucian philosopher (c. 310–c. 235 BCE). He held that human nature is originally deviant and must be corrected by ritual and education.