https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/tags/pensador/ Recent content in Pensador on Philosophy in Summary — Thinkers & Syntheses Hugo en Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/abelardo/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/abelardo/ The most brilliant and controversial intellectual of the 12th century. Also famous for his tragic love affair with Heloise (castrated by order of her… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/achille-mbembe/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/achille-mbembe/ Joseph-Achille Mbembe was born in 1957 in Otélé, Cameroon. He trained in history and philosophy at the Sorbonne (Paris I) and received his doctorate from… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adam-smith/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adam-smith/ Scottish moral philosopher and economist, considered the father of modern political economy. A central figure of the Scottish Enlightenment and close… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adi-shankara/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adi-shankara/ The foremost exponent of Advaita Vedānta (disputed dating, c. 700–750 CE). He defended the identity of Brahman and Ātman and the doctrine of māyā. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/aime-cesaire/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/aime-cesaire/ Aimé Césaire (1913–2008): Martinican poet and politician, co-founder of Négritude and author of Discourse on Colonialism, which denounced colonialism as a barbarism that dehumanizes the colonizer too. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/al-farabi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/al-farabi/ Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Fārābī (c. 872–c. 950) was one of the greatest philosophers of the medieval Islamic world, called by the tradition "the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/alasdair-macintyre/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/alasdair-macintyre/ Alasdair MacIntyre (1929–2025): author of After Virtue, critic of the Enlightenment project, and leading restorer of Aristotelian-Thomist virtue ethics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/camus/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/camus/ Born in 1913 in French Algeria, into a poor settler (pied-noir) family, Albert Camus lost his father in infancy, in the First World War, and was raised by… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/alberto-magno/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/alberto-magno/ Dominican friar, Bishop of Regensburg, and Doctor Universalis. He was the teacher of Thomas Aquinas and the principal figure responsible for the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/amartya-sen/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/amartya-sen/ Amartya Sen (b. 1933): Indian economist and philosopher, 1998 Nobel laureate in Economics, creator of the capability approach and author of Development as Freedom. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anaxagoras/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anaxagoras/ Born in Clazomenae, in Ionia, around 500 BCE, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring the Ionian tradition to Athens, where he lived for some thirty… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anaximandro/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anaximandro/ A fellow citizen and disciple of Thales of Miletus, Anaximander (c. 610–546 BCE) was one of the boldest minds of the Milesian school and perhaps the first… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anaximenes/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anaximenes/ The third great name of the Milesian school, Anaximenes (c. 585–525 BCE) was a disciple of Anaximander. At first glance he took a step back, rejecting his… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anselmo-de-cantuaria/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anselmo-de-cantuaria/ Born in Aosta, in the Alps, in 1033, Anselm entered the famous Benedictine monastery of Bec, in Normandy, where he became an admired master, and later… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/aristoteles/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/aristoteles/ Born in Stagira, in Macedonia, around 384 BCE, the son of Nicomachus — physician to the Macedonian court — Aristotle entered Plato's Academy at the age of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/schopenhauer/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/schopenhauer/ Born in Danzig in 1788, into a wealthy merchant family, Arthur Schopenhauer was able to devote himself to philosophy with financial independence. He… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/auguste-comte/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/auguste-comte/ French philosopher; founder of positivism and father of sociology as a scientific discipline. Disciple of Saint-Simon; proposed to reorganize society on… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/averrois/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/averrois/ Abu al-Walid Muhammad Ibn Rushd, Latinized as Averroes, was born in Córdoba in 1126, at the height of the Islamic civilization of Al-Andalus. A judge… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/avicena/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/avicena/ Born in 980 near Bukhara, in Persian-speaking Central Asia, Abu Ali Ibn Sīnā — Latinized as Avicenna — was a prodigy: it is said that by the age of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/spinoza/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/spinoza/ Born in Amsterdam in 1632, into a family of Sephardic Jews of Portuguese origin who had fled the Inquisition, Baruch Spinoza received a rabbinic… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/bernard-williams/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/bernard-williams/ Bernard Williams (1929–2003): the critique of utilitarianism and Kantian morality, integrity, moral luck, internal reasons, and the limits of moral theory. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/russell/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/russell/ Born in 1872 into an influential British aristocratic family — he was the grandson of a prime minister — Bertrand Russell had one of the longest and most… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/pascal/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/pascal/ French mathematician, physicist and philosopher. A precocious genius (invented the mechanical calculator at age 19); converted to Jansenism after his… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/boecio/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/boecio/ "The last Roman and the first Scholastic." He translated and commented on the Logic of Aristotle into Latin, transmitting it to the Middle Ages. The… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/boaventura/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/boaventura/ Giovanni di Fidanza, known as Bonaventure of Bagnoregio. Franciscan theologian and philosopher; cardinal and Minister-General of the Franciscan Order… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/buddha/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/buddha/ Founder of Buddhism (disputed dating, c. 480–400 BCE). He formulated the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the doctrine of no-self (anātman). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/byung-chul-han/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/byung-chul-han/ Byung-Chul Han (b. 1959): South Korean philosopher based in Germany, author of The Burnout Society, critic of the achievement society and of contemporary self-exploitation. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/carl-schmitt/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/carl-schmitt/ Carl Schmitt (1888–1985), German jurist and political theorist, author of foundational concepts including sovereignty, the state of exception, the friend/enemy distinction, and political theology. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/peirce/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/peirce/ American logician, mathematician, philosopher, and scientist. Founder of pragmatism and modern semiotics. One of the most original minds in the history of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/charles-taylor/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/charles-taylor/ Charles Taylor (b. 1931): Canadian philosopher, author of Sources of the Self and A Secular Age, central figure of communitarianism and critic of the disengaged self. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/chrysippus/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/chrysippus/ Chrysippus of Soli (c. 280–c. 207 BCE) was the third scholarch (head) of the Stoic school in Athens and is considered, alongside Zeno of Citium, the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/cicero/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/cicero/ Roman philosopher, orator, and statesman. The most important figure in transmitting Greek philosophy to the Latin world. His eclecticism synthesized… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/levi-strauss/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/levi-strauss/ French anthropologist and philosopher; founder of structuralism in the human sciences. He applied Saussure's model of linguistics to anthropology… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/confucius/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/confucius/ Confucius (Chinese: Kǒngzǐ 孔子, "Master Kong"; Jesuit Latinisation: Confucius) was born in the state of Lu (present-day Shandong province, China) in 551… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/daniel-dennett/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/daniel-dennett/ Daniel Dennett (1942–2024): the intentional stance, the Multiple Drafts Model, heterophenomenology, skepticism about qualia, and compatibilism in philosophy of mind. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/david-chalmers/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/david-chalmers/ David Chalmers (b. 1966): the hard problem of consciousness, philosophical zombies, naturalistic dualism, panpsychism, and two-dimensional semantics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hume/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hume/ A central figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, David Hume was born in Edinburgh in 1711. While still very young he published his Treatise of Human Nature… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/democrito/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/democrito/ Born in Abdera, in Thrace, and active around 430 BCE, Democritus was one of the most erudite minds of antiquity — he traveled widely and wrote on almost… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/diogenes-de-sinope/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/diogenes-de-sinope/ "Diogenes the dog" (kynikós) — refoundaer and principal figure of Cynicism. He lived in a barrel in Athens, reduced his needs to a minimum, and despised… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/dogen/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/dogen/ Dōgen (1200–1253): Japanese monk, founder of the Sōtō Zen school, author of the Shōbōgenzō, who formulated shikantaza and uji (being-time). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/donald-davidson/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/donald-davidson/ Donald Davidson (1917–2003): anomalous monism, mental events, Tarskian semantics, the principle of charity, and radical interpretation in analytic philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/duns-scotus/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/duns-scotus/ Born around 1266 in Duns, Scotland, John Duns Scotus entered the Franciscan order and taught at Oxford, Paris, and Cologne, where he died prematurely in… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/husserl/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/husserl/ Born in 1859 in Prossnitz, in Moravia (then part of the Austrian Empire), Edmund Husserl trained as a mathematician before turning to philosophy under the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/edward-said/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/edward-said/ Edward Said (1935–2003): Palestinian-American literary critic, author of Orientalism, founder of postcolonial studies and theorist of the critique of the Western discourse about the East. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/elizabeth-anscombe/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/elizabeth-anscombe/ G. E. M. Anscombe (1919–2001): founder of contemporary philosophy of action, translator of Wittgenstein, and catalyst of the virtue ethics revival. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/levinas/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/levinas/ Lithuanian-French philosopher, one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century. He introduced Husserl and Heidegger to France, but later critically… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/empedocles/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/empedocles/ Empedocles (c. 494–434 BCE) was one of the most extraordinary figures of Greek philosophy: at once philosopher, physician, poet, orator, and political… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/enrique-dussel/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/enrique-dussel/ Born in Mendoza, Argentina, in 1934, Enrique Dussel had a cosmopolitan formation — he studied in Argentina, Spain, France, and Germany, and also… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/epiteto/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/epiteto/ Phrygian ex-slave; the Stoic who most lived what he preached. His central distinction structures all Stoic ethics: what depends on us (eph' hêmin… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/epicuro/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/epicuro/ Born on the island of Samos around 341 BCE, Epicurus founded in Athens, in 307 BCE, the school known as the Garden (Kepos) — a community of friends that… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/erasmo/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/erasmo/ Born in Rotterdam around 1466, Erasmus (Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) was the greatest humanist of the Northern Renaissance — the "Prince of the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/farias-brito/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/farias-brito/ Raimundo de Farias Brito (1862–1917): Brazilian spiritualist philosopher, critic of materialism and positivism, author of A Finalidade do Mundo. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/francis-bacon/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/francis-bacon/ "Father of Empiricism" and of modern experimental science. Lord Chancellor of England; fell into disgrace due to corruption. His project was to renew… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/frantz-fanon/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/frantz-fanon/ Frantz Omar Fanon was born on 20 July 1925 in Fort-de-France, Martinique (then a French colony). A psychiatrist, essayist, and political militant, he is… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/franz-brentano/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/franz-brentano/ Franz Brentano (1838–1917): restored the concept of intentionality in Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874); teacher of Husserl, Meinong, and Twardowski. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nietzsche/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nietzsche/ The son of a Lutheran pastor, Friedrich Nietzsche was born in Röcken, Prussia, in 1844. A precocious classical philologist, he became a professor at the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/friedrich-schleiermacher/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/friedrich-schleiermacher/ German theologian and philosopher (1768–1834); founder of general modern hermeneutics. Transformed interpretation from a set of special methods into a… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/schelling/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/schelling/ The most versatile of the German idealists; his thought passed through multiple radically distinct phases. He directly influenced Romanticism and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ge-moore/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ge-moore/ British philosopher, co-founder — alongside Russell and Frege — of analytic philosophy. His critique of British idealism and his work in ethics decisively… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/galileu/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/galileu/ Born in Pisa in 1564, Galileo Galilei is often called the "father of modern science." A professor of mathematics at Pisa and Padua, in 1609 he improved… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/gayatri-spivak/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/gayatri-spivak/ Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (b. 1942): translator of Derrida, author of Can the Subaltern Speak?, combining deconstruction, Marxism, feminism, and postcolonial critique. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hegel/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hegel/ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was born in Stuttgart in 1770 and studied at the Tübingen seminary alongside Hölderlin and Schelling. A young enthusiast of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/berkeley/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/berkeley/ An Irish philosopher born in 1685 and later the Anglican Bishop of Cloyne, George Berkeley produced his most important philosophical works while still… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/gerd-bornheim/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/gerd-bornheim/ Gerd Bornheim (1929–2002): Brazilian philosopher, interpreter of existentialism, phenomenology and dialectics, and scholar of the Pre-Socratics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/deleuze/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/deleuze/ French philosopher; created a philosophy of difference and multiplicity that subverts the metaphysical tradition centered on identity. Produced solo works… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/giordano-bruno/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/giordano-bruno/ Born in Nola, near Naples, in 1548, Giordano Bruno was a Dominican friar, but, accused of heresy, he abandoned the habit while still young and began a… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/agamben/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/agamben/ Giorgio Agamben is an Italian philosopher born in Rome in 1942, professor at the universities of Verona and Venice (IUAV), as well as at various European… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/gorgias/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/gorgias/ A native of Leontini, in Sicily, Gorgias lived, according to tradition, more than a hundred years (c. 483–375 BCE). He came to Athens in 427 BCE as… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leibniz/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leibniz/ Born in Leipzig in 1646, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was the last great universal sage: at once philosopher, mathematician, logician, physicist, jurist… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/frege/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/frege/ A German mathematician born in 1848, Gottlob Frege spent almost his entire career as a professor at Jena, in relative obscurity — his genius would be… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hla-hart/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hla-hart/ British legal philosopher, leading exponent of 20th-century legal positivism; The Concept of Law (1961) reshaped the debate on the nature of law. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hannah-arendt/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hannah-arendt/ German-American political philosopher, Jewish, student of Heidegger and Jaspers. Thinker of totalitarianism, political freedom, and human action. One of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/gadamer/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/gadamer/ German philosopher; principal representative of philosophical hermeneutics in the 20th century. Student of Heidegger; his work Truth and Method (1960)… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/bergson/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/bergson/ French philosopher; Nobel Prize in Literature (1927). Criticized scientific mechanism and intellectualism, proposing intuition as a superior philosophical… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/heraclito/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/heraclito/ Born in Ephesus, in Ionia, and active around 500 BCE, Heraclitus belonged to an ancient aristocratic family. Proud and solitary in temperament, he wrote… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marcuse/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marcuse/ Born in Berlin in 1898, Herbert Marcuse fought in the First World War, studied philosophy with Heidegger and Husserl at Freiburg, and joined the Institute… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hilary-putnam/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hilary-putnam/ Hilary Putnam (1926–2016): semantic externalism, Twin Earth, functionalism, internal realism, and the thesis that 'meanings just ain't in the head'. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kant/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kant/ Born in Königsberg, in East Prussia, in 1724, and never having strayed from his native city, Immanuel Kant led the methodical life of a university… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/imre-lakatos/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/imre-lakatos/ Imre Lakatos (1922–1974), Hungarian-British philosopher of science and mathematics, creator of the methodology of scientific research programmes. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/newton/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/newton/ Born in England in 1643, Isaac Newton is regarded as the author of the greatest synthesis of the Scientific Revolution and one of the greatest geniuses in… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/isaiah-berlin/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/isaiah-berlin/ Latvian-British political philosopher and historian of ideas, one of the greatest liberal thinkers of the 20th century. Famous for the distinction between… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/derrida/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/derrida/ Algerian-French philosopher; founder of deconstruction. He subverted the Western metaphysical tradition by showing that it is structured by hierarchical… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rousseau/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rousseau/ Born in Geneva in 1712 and motherless from birth, Jean-Jacques Rousseau was largely self-taught and led a wandering life before rising to prominence in… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/sartre/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/sartre/ Philosopher, novelist, and playwright, Jean-Paul Sartre was born in Paris in 1905 and trained at the École Normale Supérieure, where he met Simone de… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/bentham/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/bentham/ Founder of Utilitarianism. English jurist and philosopher; radical social reformer. His skeleton (Auto-Icon) is displayed at University College London, in… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/fichte/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/fichte/ First post-Kantian to overcome the thing-in-itself. Founder of German Idealism; first rector of the University of Berlin (1810). The Addresses to the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kepler/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kepler/ Born in Weil der Stadt, Germany, in 1571, Johannes Kepler was a fascinating spirit of transition: a devout Protestant, he studied theology at Tübingen but… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/john-dewey/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/john-dewey/ American philosopher, the greatest exponent of pragmatism in the 20th century. He reformulated pragmatism as instrumentalism: knowledge is an instrument… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/locke/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/locke/ John Locke was born in Wrington, England, in 1632, was educated at Oxford, and practiced medicine before becoming secretary and physician to the Earl of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/john-rawls/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/john-rawls/ American political philosopher; A Theory of Justice (1971) relaunched normative political philosophy after decades of dominance by positivism and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/searle/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/searle/ John Rogers Searle, born in Denver (Colorado) in 1932, is Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley. His contributions span philosophy… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/john-stuart-mill/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/john-stuart-mill/ Born in London in 1806, John Stuart Mill was subjected by his father, James Mill, to an extraordinarily precocious and rigorous education — designed by… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mariategui/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mariategui/ Born in Moquegua, Peru, in 1894, José Carlos Mariátegui overcame a poor childhood and fragile health — which would cost him a leg and later confine him to… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marechal/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marechal/ Joseph Maréchal was a Belgian Jesuit philosopher and psychologist, founder of Transcendental Thomism — a movement that undertook a synthesis between… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/judith-butler/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/judith-butler/ American philosopher; central figure in queer theory and gender studies. Gender Trouble (1990) transformed the humanities by proposing that gender is not… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/habermas/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/habermas/ Born in 1929 in Germany, and marked in his youth by the experience of Nazism and the postwar period, Jürgen Habermas became the leading name of the second… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/karl-jaspers/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/karl-jaspers/ German psychiatrist and philosopher, one of the central figures of the philosophy of existence alongside Heidegger and Kierkegaard. He moved from… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marx/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marx/ Born in Trier, in the Prussian Rhineland, in 1818, Karl Marx studied law and philosophy in Bonn and Berlin, where he drew close to the Young Hegelians… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/karl-popper/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/karl-popper/ Austrian-British philosopher. Proposed falsificationism as a criterion for scientific demarcation and defended the open society against totalitarianism… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kurt-godel/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kurt-godel/ Kurt Gödel (1906–1978) proved the two Incompleteness Theorems (1931), showing that any consistent formal system expressive enough to contain basic arithmetic contains true but unprovable propositions. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kwame-anthony-appiah/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kwame-anthony-appiah/ Kwame Anthony Appiah was born on 8 May 1954 in London, to a Ghanaian father (Joe Appiah, lawyer and politician) and a British mother (Peggy Cripps). He… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kwame-nkrumah/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kwame-nkrumah/ Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972) was born in Nkroful, Gold Coast (present-day Ghana). He studied in the USA (Lincoln University and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/laozi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/laozi/ Essential historical note: The existence of Laozi as an individual historical figure is debated among specialists. The historian Sima Qian (c. 145–86… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leopold-sedar-senghor/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leopold-sedar-senghor/ Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906–2001): poet, philosopher, and first president of Senegal, the chief theorist of Négritude and of the Civilization of the Universal. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leopoldo-zea/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leopoldo-zea/ Born in Mexico City in 1912, Leopoldo Zea was a disciple of José Gaos — the exiled Spanish philosopher who brought the legacy of Ortega y Gasset to… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/lucrecio/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/lucrecio/ Roman poet and philosopher, author of De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things), the greatest philosophical poem of Antiquity. He systematized in Latin… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/feuerbach/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/feuerbach/ German philosopher; dissident disciple of Hegel. His materialist and anthropological critique of religion was the fundamental link between Hegelian… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wittgenstein/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wittgenstein/ Born in Vienna in 1889, into one of the wealthiest and most cultured families of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ludwig Wittgenstein began by studying… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/maquiavel/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/maquiavel/ Born in Florence in 1469, Niccolò Machiavelli lived through the height and the crisis of the Italian Renaissance republics. For fourteen years he served… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/maimonides/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/maimonides/ Moses ben Maimon — known by the acronym Rambam and, in the Latin West, as Maimonides — was born in Córdoba, in Al-Andalus, around 1138, and is the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marco-aurelio/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marco-aurelio/ Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ruled Rome from 161 to 180 CE and is remembered as the last of the "Five Good Emperors" and as the most celebrated example of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marilena-chaui/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marilena-chaui/ Marilena Chaui (b. 1941): Brazilian philosopher, Spinoza scholar, critic of the 'ideology of competence' and author of Convite à Filosofia. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mario-ferreira-dos-santos/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mario-ferreira-dos-santos/ Mário Ferreira dos Santos was the most prolific Brazilian philosopher of the 20th century, author of more than fifty works seeking to build a… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marcilio-ficino/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marcilio-ficino/ Italian philosopher and Catholic priest. Leader of the Platonic Academy of Florence under the patronage of Cosimo de' Medici. He translated the entire… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/martha-nussbaum/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/martha-nussbaum/ American philosopher, professor at the University of Chicago. One of the most influential contemporary thinkers, she works at the intersection of ethics… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/heidegger/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/heidegger/ Martin Heidegger was born in Meßkirch, in southern Germany, in 1889, into a modest Catholic family, and came to philosophy by way of theology. Assistant… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/lutero/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/lutero/ German Augustinian theologian; initiator of the Protestant Reformation. The 95 Theses (1517) against papal indulgences triggered a rupture that… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mary-wollstonecraft/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mary-wollstonecraft/ Mary Wollstonecraft was a British writer, philosopher, and advocate for women's rights, whose A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) is considered… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/merleau-ponty/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/merleau-ponty/ Born in 1908 in France, Maurice Merleau-Ponty trained at the École Normale Supérieure alongside Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, with whom he would found… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/horkheimer/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/horkheimer/ Born in Stuttgart in 1895, Max Horkheimer was the organizing soul of the Frankfurt School: in 1930 he took over the directorship of the Institute for… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mencio/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mencio/ Classical Confucian philosopher (c. 372–289 BCE), known as the 'Second Sage' of Confucianism. He defended the innate goodness of human nature and the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/michael-sandel/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/michael-sandel/ Michael Sandel (b. 1953): Harvard political philosopher, critic of Rawlsian liberalism, and author of Justice and The Tyranny of Merit. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/montaigne/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/montaigne/ Born in 1533 at his family's château in the Périgord, Michel de Montaigne received a refined humanist education — raised to speak Latin as his first… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/foucault/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/foucault/ Michel Foucault was born in Poitiers in 1926 and trained at the École Normale Supérieure, where his teachers included Jean Hyppolite and Louis Althusser… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mikhail-bakhtin/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mikhail-bakhtin/ Mikhail Bakhtin (1895–1975): Russian philosopher of language and literary theorist, thinker of dialogism, polyphony, heteroglossia, the carnivalesque, and the chronotope. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/montesquieu/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/montesquieu/ Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, was born in 1689 near Bordeaux, into a family of the nobility of the robe. A magistrate and president of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nagarjuna/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nagarjuna/ Nāgārjuna (c. 150–c. 250 CE) is the founder of the Mādhyamaka school of Mahāyāna Buddhism and is regarded in many Buddhist traditions as the second… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nicolau-de-cusa/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nicolau-de-cusa/ German cardinal; transitional figure between Scholasticism and the Renaissance. Used mathematics as a philosophical analogy (not as a method in the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/copernico/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/copernico/ Born in Toruń, Poland, in 1473, Nicolaus Copernicus was a canon of Frombork cathedral and a man of the Renaissance: he studied in Kraków and in Italy… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nikolai-berdiaev/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nikolai-berdiaev/ Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948): Russian religious philosopher, the 'Christian existentialist,' thinker of primordial freedom, the person, and creativity, expelled from Soviet Russia in 1922. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nishida-kitaro/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nishida-kitaro/ Nishida Kitarō (1870–1945): Japanese philosopher, founder of the Kyoto School, author of Zen no Kenkyū (1911); coined the logic of basho (place). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/parmenides/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/parmenides/ Born in Elea, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and active in the first half of the fifth century BCE, Parmenides is the founder of ontology — the inquiry… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/paul-feyerabend/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/paul-feyerabend/ Paul Feyerabend (1924–1994), Austrian philosopher of science and champion of epistemological anarchism, author of Against Method and the ironic slogan anything goes. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ricoeur/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ricoeur/ French philosopher, one of the greatest hermeneuticians of the 20th century. He synthesized Husserl's phenomenology with Gadamer's hermeneutics, Freud's… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/paulo-freire/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/paulo-freire/ Born in Recife in 1921, amid the poverty of the Brazilian Northeast, Paulo Freire is the most cited and translated Brazilian thinker in the world, and the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/peter-singer/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/peter-singer/ Australian philosopher, professor at Princeton University. He is the most influential living utilitarian philosopher and one of the founders of the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/philippa-foot/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/philippa-foot/ Philippa Foot (1920–2010): pioneer of the virtue ethics revival, originator of the trolley problem and of ethical naturalism in Natural Goodness. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/philo-of-alexandria/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/philo-of-alexandria/ Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE – c. 50 CE): Hellenistic Jewish thinker who allegorized the Torah in dialogue with Platonism; doctrine of the Logos. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/pico-della-mirandola/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/pico-della-mirandola/ Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. Italian prodigy philosopher; knew Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic. Proposed to hold a debate in Rome with 900… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/platao/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/platao/ Student of Socrates and the most influential philosopher of antiquity, Plato was born into an aristocratic Athenian family around 428 BCE. His master's… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/plotino/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/plotino/ Born around 205 CE, probably in Roman Egypt, Plotinus studied for years in Alexandria under the enigmatic master Ammonius Saccas and later settled in… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/porphyry/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/porphyry/ Porphyry of Tyre (c. 234 – c. 305 CE): Neoplatonist philosopher, disciple and editor of Plotinus, author of the Isagoge — gateway of Aristotelian logic into the Middle Ages. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/proclus/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/proclus/ Proclus Lycaeus Diadochus (412–485 CE): the last great systematizer of Neoplatonism, head of the Academy of Athens; author of the Elements of Theology. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/protagoras/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/protagoras/ Born in Abdera around 490 BCE, Protagoras was the first and most famous of the Sophists — the itinerant teachers who, for a fee, taught the young the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/pirro/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/pirro/ Founder of Ancient Skepticism. Accompanied Alexander the Great to India and encountered ascetics who influenced his thought. Left no writings; lived… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/pitagoras/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/pitagoras/ Born on the island of Samos around 570 BCE, Pythagoras emigrated to Croton, in southern Italy (Magna Graecia), where he founded a philosophical-religious… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/descartes/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/descartes/ Often called the "father of modern philosophy," René Descartes was born in 1596 in La Haye, in the French region of Touraine, and was educated at the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rorty/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rorty/ Richard McKay Rorty was an American philosopher who taught at Princeton, the University of Virginia, and Stanford. He began as an analytic philosopher… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nozick/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nozick/ Robert Nozick was an American political philosopher and professor at Harvard, whose Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) became the most systematic and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rodolfo-kusch/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rodolfo-kusch/ Born in Buenos Aires in 1922, into a family of German origin, Rodolfo Kusch united philosophy and anthropology in a rare way: instead of thinking America… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ronald-dworkin/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ronald-dworkin/ American legal and moral philosopher; critic of Hart's positivism, proponent of law as integrity — Taking Rights Seriously (1977) and Law's Empire (1986). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rudolf-carnap/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rudolf-carnap/ Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970): central figure of the Vienna Circle and logical empiricism, the rejection of metaphysics, the principle of tolerance, and internal versus external questions. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/santo-agostinho/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/santo-agostinho/ Aurelius Augustine was born in 354 in Thagaste, in Roman North Africa, the son of a Christian mother (Monica) and a pagan father. A teacher of rhetoric in… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/saul-kripke/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/saul-kripke/ Saul Kripke (1940–2022): rigid designators, a posteriori necessity, causal theory of reference, and possible worlds semantics — a revolution in analytic philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/seneca/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/seneca/ Lucius Annaeus Seneca was born in Corduba, in Hispania, around 4 BCE, the son of Seneca the Elder, a renowned teacher of rhetoric. He was the most… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/sexto-empirico/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/sexto-empirico/ Greek physician and philosopher, the principal systematizer of Pyrrhonian skepticism. His works are the most complete source on the ancient skeptical… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/freud/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/freud/ Neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis. Although not strictly a philosopher, his theory of the unconscious, drives, and repression became one of the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/simone-de-beauvoir/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/simone-de-beauvoir/ French philosopher; intellectual companion of Sartre. Founder of existentialist feminism. The Second Sex is one of the most influential books of the 20th… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/simone-weil/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/simone-weil/ French philosopher, mystic, and activist. A student of Alain (Émile Chartier) at the École Normale Supérieure, she worked alongside factory laborers and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/slavoj-%C5%BEi%C5%BEek/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/slavoj-%C5%BEi%C5%BEek/ Slovenian philosopher and cultural theorist, researcher at the University of Ljubljana. He combines the psychoanalysis of Jacques Lacan with the dialectic… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/socrates/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/socrates/ Socrates is the pivot of Greek philosophy: his figure divides the tradition between the pre-Socratics, concerned with the investigation of nature… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kierkegaard/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kierkegaard/ Danish philosopher; the "father of existentialism". Wrote frequently under pseudonyms to present opposing perspectives. His philosophy is a reaction to… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/tales-de-mileto/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/tales-de-mileto/ A philosopher from Miletus, in Ionia (in present-day Turkey), who lived around 624–546 BCE, Thales is considered the first philosopher of the Western… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adorno/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adorno/ Born in Frankfurt in 1903, Theodor W. Adorno was, alongside Horkheimer, the most rigorous figure of the first generation of the Frankfurt School. Also… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/tomas-de-aquino/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/tomas-de-aquino/ Born around 1225 in Roccasecca, near Aquino, in southern Italy, Thomas belonged to the high nobility, which firmly opposed his entry into the mendicant… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hobbes/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hobbes/ Born in England in 1588 — according to tradition prematurely, amid the panic over the threatened Spanish Armada, which led him to say that "fear and I… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/thomas-kuhn/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/thomas-kuhn/ American historian and philosopher of science. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) completely transformed the understanding of scientific… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/thomas-morus/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/thomas-morus/ English humanist, jurist, and statesman. Lord Chancellor of Henry VIII; refused to recognize the king as supreme head of the Church and was beheaded… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/thomas-nagel/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/thomas-nagel/ Thomas Nagel (b. 1937): the subjective character of experience in 'What Is It Like to Be a Bat?', the tension between subjective and objective views, and his critique of reductionism. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/tobias-barreto/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/tobias-barreto/ Tobias Barreto (1839–1889): Brazilian jurist and philosopher, a central figure of the Recife School and pioneer of 'Germanism' in Brazilian thought. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/vladimir-soloviov/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/vladimir-soloviov/ Vladimir Solovyov (1853–1900): Russia's first great systematic philosopher, founder of Russian religious philosophy, thinker of All-Unity, Sophia, and Godmanhood. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/voltaire/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/voltaire/ François-Marie Arouet (1694–1778), who would adopt the pen name Voltaire, was the most celebrated and combative figure of the French Enlightenment. Witty… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/w-e-b-du-bois/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/w-e-b-du-bois/ W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963): African-American sociologist and philosopher, author of The Souls of Black Folk, who formulated the concepts of double consciousness and the color line. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/quine/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/quine/ Willard Van Orman Quine was one of the most influential analytic philosophers of the 20th century. A professor at Harvard for decades, his work… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/walter-benjamin/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/walter-benjamin/ Born in Berlin in 1892, Walter Benjamin was one of the most original and unclassifiable figures of twentieth-century thought — philosopher, literary… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wang-yangming/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wang-yangming/ Neo-Confucian philosopher (1472–1529), founder of the 'school of mind' (xīnxué). He defended the unity of knowledge and action and innate moral knowing. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wilfrid-sellars/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wilfrid-sellars/ Wilfrid Sellars (1912–1989): the critique of the Myth of the Given, the logical space of reasons, the manifest and scientific images, and the myth of Jones about the mental. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wilhelm-dilthey/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wilhelm-dilthey/ German philosopher (1833–1911); founder of philosophical hermeneutics as the foundation of the human sciences. Formulated the Erklären/Verstehen distinction… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/william-james/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/william-james/ American philosopher and psychologist, co-founder of pragmatism and pioneer of modern psychology. Brother of novelist Henry James. He popularized and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/guilherme-de-ockham/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/guilherme-de-ockham/ Born around 1287 in the English village of Ockham, in Surrey, William entered the Franciscan order and studied at Oxford. Accused of heresy, he was… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/xenofanes/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/xenofanes/ Itinerant Greek poet-philosopher. Traveled throughout the Greek world for decades singing his philosophical verses. Considered a precursor to the Eleatic… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/xunzi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/xunzi/ Classical Confucian philosopher (c. 310–c. 235 BCE). He held that human nature is originally deviant and must be corrected by ritual and education. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zenao-de-citio/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zenao-de-citio/ Founder of Stoicism. He taught at the Stoa Poikilê (Painted Porch) in Athens — hence the name of the school. After hearing the story of Socrates through… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zenao-de-eleia/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zenao-de-eleia/ Born in Elea, in southern Italy, and active in the mid-fifth century BCE, Zeno was the most celebrated disciple of Parmenides — according to Plato, he… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zhu-xi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zhu-xi/ Zhu Xi (1130–1200): Song-dynasty Confucian philosopher, systematiser of Neo-Confucianism (Cheng-Zhu school), who canonised the Four Books. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zhuangzi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zhuangzi/ Classical Daoist philosopher (c. 369–286 BCE), credited with the 7 inner chapters of the eponymous text. Master of paradox, perspectival relativity, and…