https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/tags/modern-philosophy/ Recent content in Modern-Philosophy on Philosophy in Summary — Thinkers & Syntheses Hugo en Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/spinoza-ethics-deus-sive-natura-monism-conatus/ Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/spinoza-ethics-deus-sive-natura-monism-conatus/ A rigorous analysis of Spinoza's philosophy: the Ethics more geometrico, the monism of a single substance (Deus sive Natura), determinism, conatus, the theory of affects, and freedom as knowledge of necessity. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/cogito-ergo-sum-cartesian-foundation/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/cogito-ergo-sum-cartesian-foundation/ A philosophical analysis of the Cartesian cogito — from the Meditations to the Discourse on Method — its interpretations, critiques, and influence on modern and contemporary philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophical-idealism-plato-kant-hegel/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophical-idealism-plato-kant-hegel/ A survey of philosophical idealism: Plato, Berkeley, Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, British idealism, and critiques by Marx, Russell, and Moore. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/substance-philosophy-aristotle-descartes-spinoza/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/substance-philosophy-aristotle-descartes-spinoza/ The concept of substance (ousia/substantia) through the history of philosophy: Aristotle, scholasticism, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Kant, and contemporary critique. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/schopenhauer-representation-will-music-mirror-world/ Wed, 06 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/schopenhauer-representation-will-music-mirror-world/ Schopenhauer's aesthetics: the Ideas as grades of objectification of the Will, aesthetic contemplation, the hierarchy of the arts (architecture, sculpture, poetry), and music as a direct copy of the Will — with its influence on Wagner, Nietzsche, Langer, and Adorno. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/nietzsche-nihilism-contemporary-society/ Wed, 29 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/nietzsche-nihilism-contemporary-society/ An analysis of nihilism in Nietzsche — from 'God is dead' to the Übermensch — and a rigorous comparison with the nihilistic symptoms of contemporary society: social media, the crisis of meaning, populism, and the emptiness of consumerism. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adam-smith/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adam-smith/ Scottish moral philosopher and economist, considered the father of modern political economy. A central figure of the Scottish Enlightenment and close… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/spinoza/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/spinoza/ Born in Amsterdam in 1632, into a family of Sephardic Jews of Portuguese origin who had fled the Inquisition, Baruch Spinoza received a rabbinic… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/pascal/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/pascal/ French mathematician, physicist and philosopher. A precocious genius (invented the mechanical calculator at age 19); converted to Jansenism after his… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hume/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hume/ A central figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, David Hume was born in Edinburgh in 1711. While still very young he published his Treatise of Human Nature… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/francis-bacon/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/francis-bacon/ "Father of Empiricism" and of modern experimental science. Lord Chancellor of England; fell into disgrace due to corruption. His project was to renew… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/schelling/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/schelling/ The most versatile of the German idealists; his thought passed through multiple radically distinct phases. He directly influenced Romanticism and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hegel/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hegel/ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was born in Stuttgart in 1770 and studied at the Tübingen seminary alongside Hölderlin and Schelling. A young enthusiast of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/berkeley/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/berkeley/ An Irish philosopher born in 1685 and later the Anglican Bishop of Cloyne, George Berkeley produced his most important philosophical works while still… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leibniz/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leibniz/ Born in Leipzig in 1646, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was the last great universal sage: at once philosopher, mathematician, logician, physicist, jurist… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kant/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kant/ Born in Königsberg, in East Prussia, in 1724, and never having strayed from his native city, Immanuel Kant led the methodical life of a university… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rousseau/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rousseau/ Born in Geneva in 1712 and motherless from birth, Jean-Jacques Rousseau was largely self-taught and led a wandering life before rising to prominence in… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/fichte/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/fichte/ First post-Kantian to overcome the thing-in-itself. Founder of German Idealism; first rector of the University of Berlin (1810). The Addresses to the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/locke/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/locke/ John Locke was born in Wrington, England, in 1632, was educated at Oxford, and practiced medicine before becoming secretary and physician to the Earl of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marechal/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marechal/ Joseph Maréchal was a Belgian Jesuit philosopher and psychologist, founder of Transcendental Thomism — a movement that undertook a synthesis between… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mary-wollstonecraft/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mary-wollstonecraft/ Mary Wollstonecraft was a British writer, philosopher, and advocate for women's rights, whose A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) is considered… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/descartes/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/descartes/ Often called the "father of modern philosophy," René Descartes was born in 1596 in La Haye, in the French region of Touraine, and was educated at the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hobbes/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hobbes/ Born in England in 1588 — according to tradition prematurely, amid the panic over the threatened Spanish Armada, which led him to say that "fear and I…