https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/tags/metaphysics/ Recent content in Metaphysics on Philosophy in Summary — Thinkers & Syntheses Hugo en Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/leibniz-monadology-theodicy-best-of-all-possible-worlds/ Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/leibniz-monadology-theodicy-best-of-all-possible-worlds/ The philosophy of Leibniz: the principle of sufficient reason, windowless monads, pre-established harmony, the Theodicy and the best of all possible worlds, and his anticipation of symbolic logic. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/god-being-existence-proofs-critiques-philosophy-of-religion/ Tue, 19 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/god-being-existence-proofs-critiques-philosophy-of-religion/ A rigorous philosophical synthesis on the existence of God: Anselm's ontological argument, Aquinas's Five Ways, Leibniz's cosmological proof, the critiques of Hume, Kant, Nietzsche and Heidegger, and the metaphysical distinction between being and existence applied to the Absolute. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/mario-ferreira-dos-santos-concrete-philosophy/ Tue, 12 May 2026 15:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/mario-ferreira-dos-santos-concrete-philosophy/ A study of the work of Mário Ferreira dos Santos (1907–1968), Brazilian philosopher and author of Concrete Philosophy, the largest systematic philosophical project ever attempted in Brazil. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/socrates-plato-aristotle-founding-triad-greek-philosophy/ Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/socrates-plato-aristotle-founding-triad-greek-philosophy/ Socrates, Plato and Aristotle form the founding triad of classical philosophy. Understand the order, the master-pupil relationship and the ruptures between them. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophical-idealism-plato-kant-hegel/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophical-idealism-plato-kant-hegel/ A survey of philosophical idealism: Plato, Berkeley, Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, British idealism, and critiques by Marx, Russell, and Moore. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/substance-philosophy-aristotle-descartes-spinoza/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/substance-philosophy-aristotle-descartes-spinoza/ The concept of substance (ousia/substantia) through the history of philosophy: Aristotle, scholasticism, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Kant, and contemporary critique. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/structure-of-reality-philosophical-traditions/ Wed, 06 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/structure-of-reality-philosophical-traditions/ A panoramic journey through philosophy's most fundamental question — what is reality? — from the Pre-Socratics to quantum physics, through Plato, Aristotle, medievalism, rationalism, idealism, materialism, phenomenology, and analytic philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-5/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:42:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-5/ A presentation of Cahier V of Joseph Maréchal's Le point de départ de la métaphysique — the heart of the work — arguing that intellectual dynamism toward Absolute Being is a transcendental condition of every act of knowledge, making a critically grounded metaphysics of being possible and necessary. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-4/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:41:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-4/ Fourth article in the Maréchal series: analysis of the idealist system in Kant and its development in Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel — the limits of post-Kantian idealism and the preparation for the Thomistic synthesis of Book V. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-3/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:40:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-3/ A detailed reading of Cahier III of Joseph Maréchal's Le point de départ de la métaphysique, exploring Maréchal's sympathetic yet critical engagement with Kant's Critique of Pure Reason — from the Transcendental Aesthetic to the Dialectic and the latent dynamism of reason toward the Absolute. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-2/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:39:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-2/ An examination of Cahier II of Joseph Maréchal's Le point de départ de la métaphysique, analyzing the conflict between rationalism and empiricism — Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume — as the prelude to the Kantian crisis. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-1/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:38:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-1/ An in-depth reading of Cahier I of Joseph Maréchal's Le point de départ de la métaphysique, tracing the problem of objective knowledge from the pre-Socratics through Plato, Aristotle, and Scholasticism. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adi-shankara/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adi-shankara/ The foremost exponent of Advaita Vedānta (disputed dating, c. 700–750 CE). He defended the identity of Brahman and Ātman and the doctrine of māyā. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/al-farabi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/al-farabi/ Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Fārābī (c. 872–c. 950) was one of the greatest philosophers of the medieval Islamic world, called by the tradition "the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/aristoteles/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/aristoteles/ Born in Stagira, in Macedonia, around 384 BCE, the son of Nicomachus — physician to the Macedonian court — Aristotle entered Plato's Academy at the age of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/avicena/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/avicena/ Born in 980 near Bukhara, in Persian-speaking Central Asia, Abu Ali Ibn Sīnā — Latinized as Avicenna — was a prodigy: it is said that by the age of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/buddha/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/buddha/ Founder of Buddhism (disputed dating, c. 480–400 BCE). He formulated the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the doctrine of no-self (anātman). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/david-chalmers/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/david-chalmers/ David Chalmers (b. 1966): the hard problem of consciousness, philosophical zombies, naturalistic dualism, panpsychism, and two-dimensional semantics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/farias-brito/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/farias-brito/ Raimundo de Farias Brito (1862–1917): Brazilian spiritualist philosopher, critic of materialism and positivism, author of A Finalidade do Mundo. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leibniz/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/leibniz/ Born in Leipzig in 1646, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was the last great universal sage: at once philosopher, mathematician, logician, physicist, jurist… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hilary-putnam/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hilary-putnam/ Hilary Putnam (1926–2016): semantic externalism, Twin Earth, functionalism, internal realism, and the thesis that 'meanings just ain't in the head'. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marechal/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marechal/ Joseph Maréchal was a Belgian Jesuit philosopher and psychologist, founder of Transcendental Thomism — a movement that undertook a synthesis between… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/laozi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/laozi/ Essential historical note: The existence of Laozi as an individual historical figure is debated among specialists. The historian Sima Qian (c. 145–86… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mario-ferreira-dos-santos/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mario-ferreira-dos-santos/ Mário Ferreira dos Santos was the most prolific Brazilian philosopher of the 20th century, author of more than fifty works seeking to build a… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/platao/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/platao/ Student of Socrates and the most influential philosopher of antiquity, Plato was born into an aristocratic Athenian family around 428 BCE. His master's… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/plotino/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/plotino/ Born around 205 CE, probably in Roman Egypt, Plotinus studied for years in Alexandria under the enigmatic master Ammonius Saccas and later settled in… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/proclus/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/proclus/ Proclus Lycaeus Diadochus (412–485 CE): the last great systematizer of Neoplatonism, head of the Academy of Athens; author of the Elements of Theology. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/saul-kripke/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/saul-kripke/ Saul Kripke (1940–2022): rigid designators, a posteriori necessity, causal theory of reference, and possible worlds semantics — a revolution in analytic philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/vladimir-soloviov/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/vladimir-soloviov/ Vladimir Solovyov (1853–1900): Russia's first great systematic philosopher, founder of Russian religious philosophy, thinker of All-Unity, Sophia, and Godmanhood. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zhuangzi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zhuangzi/ Classical Daoist philosopher (c. 369–286 BCE), credited with the 7 inner chapters of the eponymous text. Master of paradox, perspectival relativity, and…