https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/tags/ethics/ Recent content in Ethics on Philosophy in Summary — Thinkers & Syntheses Hugo en Wed, 03 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/aristotle-nicomachean-ethics-eudaimonia-virtue-mean/ Wed, 03 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/aristotle-nicomachean-ethics-eudaimonia-virtue-mean/ Eudaimonia as the final end, the function argument, virtue as habit and as a mean (mesotes), and practical wisdom (phronesis) in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/levinas-ethics-of-the-other-face-alterity/ Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/levinas-ethics-of-the-other-face-alterity/ The philosophy of Emmanuel Lévinas: ethics as first philosophy, the critique of ontology, the infinite alterity of the Other, the epiphany of the face, responsibility. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/free-will-determinism-compatibilism-philosophy/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/free-will-determinism-compatibilism-philosophy/ An analysis of the major philosophical positions on free will: hard determinism, compatibilism, and libertarian free will. From Epicurus to Frankfurt and Strawson. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/spinoza-ethics-deus-sive-natura-monism-conatus/ Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/spinoza-ethics-deus-sive-natura-monism-conatus/ A rigorous analysis of Spinoza's philosophy: the Ethics more geometrico, the monism of a single substance (Deus sive Natura), determinism, conatus, the theory of affects, and freedom as knowledge of necessity. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/socrates-plato-aristotle-founding-triad-greek-philosophy/ Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/socrates-plato-aristotle-founding-triad-greek-philosophy/ Socrates, Plato and Aristotle form the founding triad of classical philosophy. Understand the order, the master-pupil relationship and the ruptures between them. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/stoicism-ethics-virtue-art-living-nature/ Sun, 10 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/stoicism-ethics-virtue-art-living-nature/ Stoicism from Zeno to Marcus Aurelius: virtue as the sole good, mastery of the passions, the physics of the cosmic logos, and the enduring influence of Stoic ethics on philosophy and culture. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/autonomy-philosophy-kant-freedom-morality/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/autonomy-philosophy-kant-freedom-morality/ From Greek origins to contemporary bioethics: how Kant, Rousseau, Mill, Sartre, and Frankfurt shaped the philosophical concept of autonomy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/bios-ways-of-life-greek-philosophy-aristotle/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/bios-ways-of-life-greek-philosophy-aristotle/ Bíos and zoé in Greek philosophy: ways of life in Aristotle, Plato, the Stoics, Arendt, Agamben, and Hadot. Contemplative, political, and practical life. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/hedonism-pleasure-philosophical-principle/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/hedonism-pleasure-philosophical-principle/ A philosophical analysis of hedonism — from Aristippus and Epicurus to Bentham and Mill — its variants, critiques, and relevance for contemporary ethics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/abelardo/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/abelardo/ The most brilliant and controversial intellectual of the 12th century. Also famous for his tragic love affair with Heloise (castrated by order of her… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adam-smith/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/adam-smith/ Scottish moral philosopher and economist, considered the father of modern political economy. A central figure of the Scottish Enlightenment and close… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/alasdair-macintyre/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/alasdair-macintyre/ Alasdair MacIntyre (1929–2025): author of After Virtue, critic of the Enlightenment project, and leading restorer of Aristotelian-Thomist virtue ethics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/aristoteles/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/aristoteles/ Born in Stagira, in Macedonia, around 384 BCE, the son of Nicomachus — physician to the Macedonian court — Aristotle entered Plato's Academy at the age of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/schopenhauer/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/schopenhauer/ Born in Danzig in 1788, into a wealthy merchant family, Arthur Schopenhauer was able to devote himself to philosophy with financial independence. He… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/spinoza/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/spinoza/ Born in Amsterdam in 1632, into a family of Sephardic Jews of Portuguese origin who had fled the Inquisition, Baruch Spinoza received a rabbinic… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/bernard-williams/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/bernard-williams/ Bernard Williams (1929–2003): the critique of utilitarianism and Kantian morality, integrity, moral luck, internal reasons, and the limits of moral theory. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/buddha/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/buddha/ Founder of Buddhism (disputed dating, c. 480–400 BCE). He formulated the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the doctrine of no-self (anātman). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/chrysippus/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/chrysippus/ Chrysippus of Soli (c. 280–c. 207 BCE) was the third scholarch (head) of the Stoic school in Athens and is considered, alongside Zeno of Citium, the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/confucius/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/confucius/ Confucius (Chinese: Kǒngzǐ 孔子, "Master Kong"; Jesuit Latinisation: Confucius) was born in the state of Lu (present-day Shandong province, China) in 551… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hume/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hume/ A central figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, David Hume was born in Edinburgh in 1711. While still very young he published his Treatise of Human Nature… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/diogenes-de-sinope/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/diogenes-de-sinope/ "Diogenes the dog" (kynikós) — refoundaer and principal figure of Cynicism. He lived in a barrel in Athens, reduced his needs to a minimum, and despised… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/elizabeth-anscombe/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/elizabeth-anscombe/ G. E. M. Anscombe (1919–2001): founder of contemporary philosophy of action, translator of Wittgenstein, and catalyst of the virtue ethics revival. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/levinas/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/levinas/ Lithuanian-French philosopher, one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century. He introduced Husserl and Heidegger to France, but later critically… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/enrique-dussel/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/enrique-dussel/ Born in Mendoza, Argentina, in 1934, Enrique Dussel had a cosmopolitan formation — he studied in Argentina, Spain, France, and Germany, and also… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/epiteto/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/epiteto/ Phrygian ex-slave; the Stoic who most lived what he preached. His central distinction structures all Stoic ethics: what depends on us (eph' hêmin… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/epicuro/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/epicuro/ Born on the island of Samos around 341 BCE, Epicurus founded in Athens, in 307 BCE, the school known as the Garden (Kepos) — a community of friends that… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ge-moore/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ge-moore/ British philosopher, co-founder — alongside Russell and Frege — of analytic philosophy. His critique of British idealism and his work in ethics decisively… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kant/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kant/ Born in Königsberg, in East Prussia, in 1724, and never having strayed from his native city, Immanuel Kant led the methodical life of a university… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/bentham/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/bentham/ Founder of Utilitarianism. English jurist and philosopher; radical social reformer. His skeleton (Auto-Icon) is displayed at University College London, in… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/john-stuart-mill/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/john-stuart-mill/ Born in London in 1806, John Stuart Mill was subjected by his father, James Mill, to an extraordinarily precocious and rigorous education — designed by… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kwame-anthony-appiah/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kwame-anthony-appiah/ Kwame Anthony Appiah was born on 8 May 1954 in London, to a Ghanaian father (Joe Appiah, lawyer and politician) and a British mother (Peggy Cripps). He… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marco-aurelio/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marco-aurelio/ Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ruled Rome from 161 to 180 CE and is remembered as the last of the "Five Good Emperors" and as the most celebrated example of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mencio/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mencio/ Classical Confucian philosopher (c. 372–289 BCE), known as the 'Second Sage' of Confucianism. He defended the innate goodness of human nature and the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/philippa-foot/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/philippa-foot/ Philippa Foot (1920–2010): pioneer of the virtue ethics revival, originator of the trolley problem and of ethical naturalism in Natural Goodness. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nozick/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nozick/ Robert Nozick was an American political philosopher and professor at Harvard, whose Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) became the most systematic and… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/seneca/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/seneca/ Lucius Annaeus Seneca was born in Corduba, in Hispania, around 4 BCE, the son of Seneca the Elder, a renowned teacher of rhetoric. He was the most… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/simone-de-beauvoir/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/simone-de-beauvoir/ French philosopher; intellectual companion of Sartre. Founder of existentialist feminism. The Second Sex is one of the most influential books of the 20th… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/socrates/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/socrates/ Socrates is the pivot of Greek philosophy: his figure divides the tradition between the pre-Socratics, concerned with the investigation of nature… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/tomas-de-aquino/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/tomas-de-aquino/ Born around 1225 in Roccasecca, near Aquino, in southern Italy, Thomas belonged to the high nobility, which firmly opposed his entry into the mendicant… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/thomas-nagel/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/thomas-nagel/ Thomas Nagel (b. 1937): the subjective character of experience in 'What Is It Like to Be a Bat?', the tension between subjective and objective views, and his critique of reductionism. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wang-yangming/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wang-yangming/ Neo-Confucian philosopher (1472–1529), founder of the 'school of mind' (xīnxué). He defended the unity of knowledge and action and innate moral knowing. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/xunzi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/xunzi/ Classical Confucian philosopher (c. 310–c. 235 BCE). He held that human nature is originally deviant and must be corrected by ritual and education. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zenao-de-citio/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zenao-de-citio/ Founder of Stoicism. He taught at the Stoa Poikilê (Painted Porch) in Athens — hence the name of the school. After hearing the story of Socrates through… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zhuangzi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zhuangzi/ Classical Daoist philosopher (c. 369–286 BCE), credited with the 7 inner chapters of the eponymous text. Master of paradox, perspectival relativity, and…