https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/tags/epistemology/ Recent content in Epistemology on Philosophy in Summary — Thinkers & Syntheses Hugo en Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/david-hume-empiricism-causation-induction-is-ought/ Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/david-hume-empiricism-causation-induction-is-ought/ Hume's radical empiricism: impressions and ideas, the critique of causation, the problem of induction, the self as a bundle of perceptions, and the is-ought gap. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/gettier-problem-knowledge-justified-true-belief/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/gettier-problem-knowledge-justified-true-belief/ In three pages, Edmund Gettier dismantled the classical definition of knowledge as justified true belief. This article traces the two original counterexamples and the major responses: reliabilism (Goldman), tracking (Nozick), safety (Sosa, Williamson), virtue epistemology, and knowledge-first. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-science-popper-kuhn-falsification-paradigms/ Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-science-popper-kuhn-falsification-paradigms/ The great twentieth-century debate on what makes a theory scientific: Popper's falsificationism, Kuhn's paradigms and revolutions, and the developments with Lakatos and Feyerabend. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/allegory-cave-plato-theory-forms-intelligible-world/ Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/allegory-cave-plato-theory-forms-intelligible-world/ A rigorous analysis of the Allegory of the Cave in Book VII of Plato's Republic, articulated with the Divided Line, the metaphor of the sun, and the Theory of Forms — the three images that structure the heart of Platonic philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/truth-philosophy-aletheia-correspondence-coherence/ Wed, 13 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/truth-philosophy-aletheia-correspondence-coherence/ The concept of truth in philosophy: Greek alétheia, correspondence theory, coherence, pragmatism, Heidegger, Foucault, and the challenge of post-truth. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/a-priori-a-posteriori-knowledge-kant-epistemology/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/a-priori-a-posteriori-knowledge-kant-epistemology/ The distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge: from Leibniz and Hume to Kant, the empiricist critiques of Mill and Quine, and Kripke's turn. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/cogito-ergo-sum-cartesian-foundation/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/cogito-ergo-sum-cartesian-foundation/ A philosophical analysis of the Cartesian cogito — from the Meditations to the Discourse on Method — its interpretations, critiques, and influence on modern and contemporary philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/doxa-episteme-opinion-knowledge-philosophy/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/doxa-episteme-opinion-knowledge-philosophy/ The distinction between doxa (opinion) and episteme (knowledge) from Parmenides to Bourdieu: Plato, Aristotle, skepticism, Descartes, and Husserl. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/epoche-suspension-judgment-skepticism-phenomenology/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/epoche-suspension-judgment-skepticism-phenomenology/ A philosophical analysis of epoché (ἐποχή) — from Pyrrhonian suspension of judgment to Husserl's phenomenological reduction — and its role in the history of epistemology. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-5/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:42:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-5/ A presentation of Cahier V of Joseph Maréchal's Le point de départ de la métaphysique — the heart of the work — arguing that intellectual dynamism toward Absolute Being is a transcendental condition of every act of knowledge, making a critically grounded metaphysics of being possible and necessary. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-4/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:41:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-4/ Fourth article in the Maréchal series: analysis of the idealist system in Kant and its development in Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel — the limits of post-Kantian idealism and the preparation for the Thomistic synthesis of Book V. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-3/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:40:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-3/ A detailed reading of Cahier III of Joseph Maréchal's Le point de départ de la métaphysique, exploring Maréchal's sympathetic yet critical engagement with Kant's Critique of Pure Reason — from the Transcendental Aesthetic to the Dialectic and the latent dynamism of reason toward the Absolute. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-2/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:39:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-2/ An examination of Cahier II of Joseph Maréchal's Le point de départ de la métaphysique, analyzing the conflict between rationalism and empiricism — Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume — as the prelude to the Kantian crisis. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-1/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:38:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-1/ An in-depth reading of Cahier I of Joseph Maréchal's Le point de départ de la métaphysique, tracing the problem of objective knowledge from the pre-Socratics through Plato, Aristotle, and Scholasticism. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/russell/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/russell/ Born in 1872 into an influential British aristocratic family — he was the grandson of a prime minister — Bertrand Russell had one of the longest and most… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/donald-davidson/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/donald-davidson/ Donald Davidson (1917–2003): anomalous monism, mental events, Tarskian semantics, the principle of charity, and radical interpretation in analytic philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ge-moore/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/ge-moore/ British philosopher, co-founder — alongside Russell and Frege — of analytic philosophy. His critique of British idealism and his work in ethics decisively… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hilary-putnam/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/hilary-putnam/ Hilary Putnam (1926–2016): semantic externalism, Twin Earth, functionalism, internal realism, and the thesis that 'meanings just ain't in the head'. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kant/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/kant/ Born in Königsberg, in East Prussia, in 1724, and never having strayed from his native city, Immanuel Kant led the methodical life of a university… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/imre-lakatos/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/imre-lakatos/ Imre Lakatos (1922–1974), Hungarian-British philosopher of science and mathematics, creator of the methodology of scientific research programmes. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marechal/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/marechal/ Joseph Maréchal was a Belgian Jesuit philosopher and psychologist, founder of Transcendental Thomism — a movement that undertook a synthesis between… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/paul-feyerabend/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/paul-feyerabend/ Paul Feyerabend (1924–1994), Austrian philosopher of science and champion of epistemological anarchism, author of Against Method and the ironic slogan anything goes. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/platao/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/platao/ Student of Socrates and the most influential philosopher of antiquity, Plato was born into an aristocratic Athenian family around 428 BCE. His master's… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/descartes/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/descartes/ Often called the "father of modern philosophy," René Descartes was born in 1596 in La Haye, in the French region of Touraine, and was educated at the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rorty/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/rorty/ Richard McKay Rorty was an American philosopher who taught at Princeton, the University of Virginia, and Stanford. He began as an analytic philosopher… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/sexto-empirico/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/sexto-empirico/ Greek physician and philosopher, the principal systematizer of Pyrrhonian skepticism. His works are the most complete source on the ancient skeptical… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/quine/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/quine/ Willard Van Orman Quine was one of the most influential analytic philosophers of the 20th century. A professor at Harvard for decades, his work… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wilfrid-sellars/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wilfrid-sellars/ Wilfrid Sellars (1912–1989): the critique of the Myth of the Given, the logical space of reasons, the manifest and scientific images, and the myth of Jones about the mental. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wilhelm-dilthey/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/wilhelm-dilthey/ German philosopher (1833–1911); founder of philosophical hermeneutics as the foundation of the human sciences. Formulated the Erklären/Verstehen distinction…