https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/tags/ancient-philosophy/ Recent content in Ancient Philosophy on Philosophy in Summary — Thinkers & Syntheses Hugo en Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/late-neoplatonism-porphyry-iamblichus-proclus/ Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/late-neoplatonism-porphyry-iamblichus-proclus/ After Plotinus: the late Neoplatonism of Porphyry (the Isagoge and the universals), Iamblichus (theurgy), and Proclus (the Elements of Theology, the triad remaining-procession-return, and the henads) — and its decisive transmission to medieval philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/allegory-cave-plato-theory-forms-intelligible-world/ Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/allegory-cave-plato-theory-forms-intelligible-world/ A rigorous analysis of the Allegory of the Cave in Book VII of Plato's Republic, articulated with the Divided Line, the metaphor of the sun, and the Theory of Forms — the three images that structure the heart of Platonic philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/plotinus-neoplatonism-one-emanation-enneads/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/plotinus-neoplatonism-one-emanation-enneads/ The philosophy of Plotinus: the One, the three hypostases, emanation, mystical return, and the influence of Neoplatonism on Christian and Islamic thought. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/pre-socratics-greek-philosophy/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/pre-socratics-greek-philosophy/ A complete guide to the pre-Socratic philosophers — from Thales of Miletus to Democritus's atomism — covering schools, concepts, the problem of the arché and the legacy for Western thought. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anaxagoras/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anaxagoras/ Born in Clazomenae, in Ionia, around 500 BCE, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring the Ionian tradition to Athens, where he lived for some thirty… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anaximandro/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anaximandro/ A fellow citizen and disciple of Thales of Miletus, Anaximander (c. 610–546 BCE) was one of the boldest minds of the Milesian school and perhaps the first… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anaximenes/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/anaximenes/ The third great name of the Milesian school, Anaximenes (c. 585–525 BCE) was a disciple of Anaximander. At first glance he took a step back, rejecting his… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/aristoteles/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/aristoteles/ Born in Stagira, in Macedonia, around 384 BCE, the son of Nicomachus — physician to the Macedonian court — Aristotle entered Plato's Academy at the age of… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/confucius/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/confucius/ Confucius (Chinese: Kǒngzǐ 孔子, "Master Kong"; Jesuit Latinisation: Confucius) was born in the state of Lu (present-day Shandong province, China) in 551… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/democrito/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/democrito/ Born in Abdera, in Thrace, and active around 430 BCE, Democritus was one of the most erudite minds of antiquity — he traveled widely and wrote on almost… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/empedocles/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/empedocles/ Empedocles (c. 494–434 BCE) was one of the most extraordinary figures of Greek philosophy: at once philosopher, physician, poet, orator, and political… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/gorgias/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/gorgias/ A native of Leontini, in Sicily, Gorgias lived, according to tradition, more than a hundred years (c. 483–375 BCE). He came to Athens in 427 BCE as… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/heraclito/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/heraclito/ Born in Ephesus, in Ionia, and active around 500 BCE, Heraclitus belonged to an ancient aristocratic family. Proud and solitary in temperament, he wrote… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/laozi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/laozi/ Essential historical note: The existence of Laozi as an individual historical figure is debated among specialists. The historian Sima Qian (c. 145–86… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mencio/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/mencio/ Classical Confucian philosopher (c. 372–289 BCE), known as the 'Second Sage' of Confucianism. He defended the innate goodness of human nature and the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nagarjuna/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/nagarjuna/ Nāgārjuna (c. 150–c. 250 CE) is the founder of the Mādhyamaka school of Mahāyāna Buddhism and is regarded in many Buddhist traditions as the second… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/parmenides/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/parmenides/ Born in Elea, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and active in the first half of the fifth century BCE, Parmenides is the founder of ontology — the inquiry… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/philo-of-alexandria/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/philo-of-alexandria/ Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE – c. 50 CE): Hellenistic Jewish thinker who allegorized the Torah in dialogue with Platonism; doctrine of the Logos. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/platao/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/platao/ Student of Socrates and the most influential philosopher of antiquity, Plato was born into an aristocratic Athenian family around 428 BCE. His master's… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/porphyry/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/porphyry/ Porphyry of Tyre (c. 234 – c. 305 CE): Neoplatonist philosopher, disciple and editor of Plotinus, author of the Isagoge — gateway of Aristotelian logic into the Middle Ages. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/proclus/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/proclus/ Proclus Lycaeus Diadochus (412–485 CE): the last great systematizer of Neoplatonism, head of the Academy of Athens; author of the Elements of Theology. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/protagoras/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/protagoras/ Born in Abdera around 490 BCE, Protagoras was the first and most famous of the Sophists — the itinerant teachers who, for a fee, taught the young the… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/pitagoras/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/pitagoras/ Born on the island of Samos around 570 BCE, Pythagoras emigrated to Croton, in southern Italy (Magna Graecia), where he founded a philosophical-religious… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/socrates/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/socrates/ Socrates is the pivot of Greek philosophy: his figure divides the tradition between the pre-Socratics, concerned with the investigation of nature… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/tales-de-mileto/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/tales-de-mileto/ A philosopher from Miletus, in Ionia (in present-day Turkey), who lived around 624–546 BCE, Thales is considered the first philosopher of the Western… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/xenofanes/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/xenofanes/ Itinerant Greek poet-philosopher. Traveled throughout the Greek world for decades singing his philosophical verses. Considered a precursor to the Eleatic… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/xunzi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/xunzi/ Classical Confucian philosopher (c. 310–c. 235 BCE). He held that human nature is originally deviant and must be corrected by ritual and education. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zenao-de-eleia/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zenao-de-eleia/ Born in Elea, in southern Italy, and active in the mid-fifth century BCE, Zeno was the most celebrated disciple of Parmenides — according to Plato, he… https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zhuangzi/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/pensadores/zhuangzi/ Classical Daoist philosopher (c. 369–286 BCE), credited with the 7 inner chapters of the eponymous text. Master of paradox, perspectival relativity, and…