Praxis (πρᾶξις) — “Action” — specifically, free human action that has its end in itself, not in an external product. Aristotle divides sciences into theoretical (contemplation of the necessary), practical (ethics, politics), and productive (art, technique). Excellence in praxis requires phronesis. Marx revives the concept: revolutionary praxis transforms the world, overcoming mere interpretation. Gramsci’s “philosophy of praxis” integrates theory and historical transformation.
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