https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/ Recent content in Philosophy Glossary on Philosophy in Summary — Thinkers & Syntheses Hugo en Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/collective-intentionality/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/collective-intentionality/ Collective intentionality: how groups have irreducibly collective beliefs and intentions (Searle, 1995); we-intentions (Tuomela); collective agency (Gilbert) and social reality. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/differance/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/differance/ Différance: Derrida's neologism (1968) playing on différer (to differ/to defer); critique of the metaphysics of presence; deconstruction of the speech/writing opposition. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/eliminativism/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/eliminativism/ Eliminativism: the position in philosophy of mind that folk psychology — beliefs, desires, intentions — is a false theory to be replaced by mature neuroscience. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/epistemic-justification/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/epistemic-justification/ Epistemic justification: the relation between belief and reason that makes a belief epistemically adequate; foundationalism, coherentism, reliabilism; the internalism vs. externalism debate. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/functionalism/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/functionalism/ Functionalism: the philosophical theory that mental states are defined by their functional role — the causal relations they bear — rather than by their physical substrate. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/hard-problem/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/hard-problem/ The hard problem of consciousness: why is there subjective experience at all? Chalmers (1995) distinguishes functional problems accessible to science from the enigma of qualia. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/modal-logic/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/modal-logic/ Modal logic: extension of classical logic with the operators of necessity (□) and possibility (◇); systems S4, S5, and Kripke's possible-worlds semantics (1963). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/paradox/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/paradox/ Paradox: a statement or argument that, from apparently acceptable premises and apparently valid reasoning, leads to a contradictory or absurd conclusion. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/performative/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/performative/ Performative utterance: statements that perform actions when uttered (Austin, How to Do Things with Words, 1962); Searle and speech acts; Butler and gender performativity. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/proposition/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/proposition/ Proposition: the declarative content of a statement, bearer of a truth value; debate between structured conceptions (Russell) and set-theoretic ones; relation to thoughts (Frege, 1918). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/supervenience/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/supervenience/ Supervenience: a relation of non-reductive dependence between properties; B supervenes on A if there can be no difference in B without a difference in A. Central in philosophy of mind and ethics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/tautology/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/tautology/ Tautology: in propositional logic, a formula that is true under every possible assignment of truth values; for Wittgenstein in the Tractatus, the propositions of logic are tautological. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/type-token/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/type-token/ Type/token distinction: a type is the abstract category, a token the concrete particular (Peirce). Central in philosophy of language and philosophy of mind (type-type vs. token-token identity). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/ubuntu/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/ubuntu/ Ubuntu: Bantu philosophical concept expressing a relational ontology of the person — 'a person is a person through other persons' (umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu). Ethical and political foundation in contemporary African philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/ideology/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/ideology/ Ideology: coined by Destutt de Tracy (1801) as a science of ideas; transformed by Marx into a critique of distorted representations of social reality; reformulated by Gramsci, Althusser, and Mannheim. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/lebenswelt/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/lebenswelt/ Lebenswelt (lifeworld): Husserl's phenomenological concept for the pre-theoretical world of everyday experience — the ground of all scientific activity and communicative action. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/maieutics/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/maieutics/ Maieutics: the Socratic art of helping an interlocutor 'give birth' to latent knowledge through systematic questioning — the midwifery analogy in Plato's Theaetetus. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/nominalism/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/nominalism/ Nominalism: the philosophical position that universals (humanity, redness) have no independent real existence — they are only names or mental concepts. The medieval debate over universals. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/positivism/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/positivism/ Positivism: philosophical orientation founded by Comte (19th century) that restricts legitimate knowledge to observable facts and their relationships. Includes the logical positivism of the Vienna Circle. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/recognition/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/recognition/ Recognition (Anerkennung): the Hegelian concept by which self-consciousness constitutes itself through a relation with an other who recognises and is recognised. Central to Honneth and Taylor. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/sublime/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/sublime/ The Sublime: an aesthetic and philosophical category designating an experience of overwhelming grandeur, distinct from beauty by its element of awe and terror. Central to Burke, Kant, Schiller, and Lyotard. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/transcendental/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/transcendental/ Transcendental: in Kant, refers to the conditions of possibility of experience (not to what lies beyond it). Distinct from 'transcendent'. Origin in the medieval transcendentalia. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/aesthetics/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/aesthetics/ From Greek aísthēsis (sense perception). The branch of philosophy investigating the nature of beauty, art, and sensory experience. The term was coined... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/alterity/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/alterity/ From Latin alteritas (the condition of being other). A philosophical concept designating the irreducible difference of the other qua other, not... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/amor-fati/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/amor-fati/ Latin expression meaning 'love of fate'. A central concept in Nietzsche's philosophy, it denotes the attitude of fully accepting and affirming existence... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/anguish/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/anguish/ From Latin angustia (narrowing), German Angst. A fundamental mood in existentialist philosophy, distinct from fear (which has a determinate object):... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/aufhebung/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/aufhebung/ Central German term in Hegelian dialectics, translated as sublation, supersession, or overcoming. It carries a threefold simultaneous meaning: to... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/bad-faith/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/bad-faith/ Central concept in Sartrean existentialism (French: mauvaise foi). The attitude by which consciousness lies to itself, fleeing the anguish of freedom... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/biopower/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/biopower/ Concept elaborated by Michel Foucault to designate the ensemble of mechanisms through which the fundamental biological traits of the human species... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/dasein/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/dasein/ German term (literally 'being-there') employed by Martin Heidegger as the central concept of Being and Time (1927) to designate the entity that... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/deconstruction/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/deconstruction/ Philosophical strategy elaborated by Jacques Derrida from the 1960s onward. Neither a method nor a destruction, but a reading that dismantles the... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/determinism/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/determinism/ From Latin determinare (to delimit). The metaphysical thesis that every event, including human actions, is necessarily caused by antecedent events in... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/epistemology/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/epistemology/ From Greek epistḗmē (demonstrative knowledge) + lógos (discourse). The branch of philosophy investigating the nature, limits, and validity of human... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/eternal-recurrence/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/eternal-recurrence/ Central concept in Nietzsche's philosophy, formulated as a thought experiment: what if everything you have lived had to repeat infinitely, in exactly... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/ethics/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/ethics/ From Greek ēthikē, derived from ēthos (character, custom). The branch of philosophy that investigates the rational foundations of human action, the... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/existentialism/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/existentialism/ Philosophical movement of the 19th-20th centuries affirming the primacy of concrete, singular individual existence over any abstract essence or... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/free-will/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/free-will/ From Latin liberum arbitrium. The capacity attributed to an agent to choose and act in a manner not entirely determined by antecedent causes. A concept... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/hermeneutics/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/hermeneutics/ From Greek hermēneúein (to interpret), associated with Hermes, messenger of the gods. The theory and practice of interpretation, originally of sacred... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/social-contract/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/social-contract/ A concept in modern political philosophy that grounds the legitimacy of the state and political obligation in an agreement (actual or hypothetical)... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/solipsism/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/solipsism/ From Latin solus (alone) + ipse (self). The extreme epistemological position that only one's own mind and its states can be known with certainty; the... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/techne/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/techne/ Greek term (τέχνη) designating productive know-how, technical or artisanal skill oriented toward the production (poiēsis) of something external to the... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/absurd/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/absurd/ From Latin absurdus (dissonant, contrary to reason). In existentialist philosophy, designates the confrontation between the human demand for meaning... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/a-priori-a-posteriori/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/a-priori-a-posteriori/ An epistemological distinction central to Kant. A priori knowledge is independent of sensory experience — such as mathematical truths and logical... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/absolute/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/absolute/ In German idealist philosophy (especially Hegel), the Absolute is total, unconditioned reality that encompasses all contradiction and difference within... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/aletheia/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/aletheia/ The Greek word for truth, literally unconcealment or un-hiddenness (a- = not; lēthē = concealment). For Heidegger, aletheia reveals truth's original... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/alienation/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/alienation/ A central concept in Hegel and Marx. In Hegel, it designates the moment when Spirit externalizes itself in objective forms (nature, institutions) that... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/analogy/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/analogy/ A logical and argumentative procedure that establishes proportional similarities between different domains. In medieval theology (Thomas Aquinas), the... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/apeiron/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/apeiron/ The unlimited or the indefinite. The arché (principle) proposed by Anaximander of Miletus (~610–546 BCE) as the substrate of all things. Unlike... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/aporia/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/aporia/ Literally without a way out — a philosophical impasse or insoluble difficulty. In Socratic philosophy, aporia results from dialogue in which... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/arche/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/arche/ Principle or beginning. For the pre-Socratics, the arché is the primordial element or substrate from which everything comes and to which everything... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/arete/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/arete/ Translated as virtue or excellence. For the Greeks, areté is the full realization of a being's characteristic function: the areté of the eye is to see... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/ataraxia/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/ataraxia/ Tranquility of soul, freedom from disturbance. The ethical ideal of Epicureans and Skeptics. For Epicurus, ataraxia results from knowledge that frees... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/autonomy/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/autonomy/ Self-legislation (from Greek autos = oneself; nomos = law). Kant placed autonomy at the center of ethics: to act morally is to act according to a law... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/beauty/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/beauty/ Object of aesthetics and philosophy of art. Plato saw beauty as a reflection of the Idea of Beauty in the sensible world, capable of awakening... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/being/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/being/ The most fundamental question of metaphysics: Why is there something rather than nothing? (Leibniz). Parmenides: Being is; non-being is not — being... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/imperativo-categorico/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/imperativo-categorico/ The supreme principle of Kantian morality, formulated in several ways. The most well-known: 'Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/categories/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/categories/ Fundamental concepts or modes of being and predication. Aristotle listed ten categories: substance, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, position,... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/cogito/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/cogito/ Abbreviation of Descartes's phrase: Cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am). The Archimedean point of Cartesian philosophy: in attempting to doubt... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/consciousness/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/consciousness/ A multivalent term in modern philosophy. In Locke, it is the perception of one's own mental state; in Hegel, the movement through which Spirit knows... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/contingency/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/contingency/ What can be but could also not be; the opposite of necessity. A contingent being exists but does not contain within itself the reason for its existence.... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/daimon/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/daimon/ An intermediary entity between gods and humans in Greek cosmology. Socrates described his *daimonion* as an 'inner voice' that prevented him from... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/deduction-induction/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/deduction-induction/ Two fundamental methods of reasoning. Deduction moves from general premises to necessary particular conclusions (Aristotelian syllogism, geometry).... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/dialectic/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/dialectic/ Originally, the art of dialogue and argumentation (Socrates: dialectic as a method of investigating truth through questions and answers). Plato makes it... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/doxa/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/doxa/ Opinion or belief, opposed to genuine knowledge (episteme). For Parmenides, doxa is the illusory path of the senses, opposed to reason which reveals... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/dualism/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/dualism/ A metaphysical position that posits two irreducible principles or substances. The most influential is Cartesian dualism: mind (res cogitans) and body... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/dynamis-energeia/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/dynamis-energeia/ A fundamental Aristotelian conceptual pair: dynamis is potency, capacity, or possibility; energeia is act, fulfillment, or actual exercise. A seed has... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/eidos/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/eidos/ Form, visible aspect, or idea. In Plato, the eidos are the Ideas or Forms — eternal, immutable, universal realities that sensible objects merely... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/empiricism/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/empiricism/ An epistemological tradition holding that sensory experience is the source and limit of knowledge. Locke: the mind is a blank slate filled by... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/episteme/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/episteme/ Scientific knowledge or true knowing, as opposed to doxa (opinion) and techne (practical skill). For Plato, it is knowledge of the Ideas — eternal,... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/epoche/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/epoche/ Suspension of judgment. In Pyrrhonian skepticism, it is the abstention from affirming or denying any proposition about reality, leading to ataraxia.... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/essence-existence/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/essence-existence/ A fundamental metaphysical pair. Essence is what a thing is (its definition, form, nature). Existence is the fact that it is (that there is something).... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/eudaimonia/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/eudaimonia/ Flourishing, happiness, or well-being — an imprecise translation, since it designates a state of lived excellence, not merely pleasure. For... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/freedom/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/freedom/ A central concept in ethics, politics, and metaphysics. For the Stoics, freedom is internal: free is the one who governs their passions through reason.... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/geist/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/geist/ German for spirit or mind, it becomes a central technical concept in Hegel's philosophy. The Geist is not the individual mind but the universal... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/gnosis/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/gnosis/ Greek for knowledge, specifically the spiritual or revealed knowledge that liberates the soul. In Gnostic currents of the first centuries CE... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/hedonism/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/hedonism/ An ethical doctrine holding that pleasure (hedone) is the highest good and the only genuine motive for action. The hedonism of Aristippus of Cyrene... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/hylomorphism/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/hylomorphism/ The Aristotelian theory that every sensible substance is composed of *hyle* (matter) and *morphé* (form). Matter is the indeterminate substrate; form is... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/idealism/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/idealism/ A metaphysical position holding that reality is fundamentally mental or ideal in nature. Subjective idealism (Berkeley): only minds and their ideas... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/immanence-transcendence/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/immanence-transcendence/ Immanence designates what is internal to a system, process, or being. Transcendence designates what lies beyond, outside, or above. Is God transcendent... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/intentionality/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/intentionality/ The fundamental property of consciousness of being directed toward objects. Coined by Brentano and developed by Husserl: every mental act (perception,... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/intuicao/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/intuicao/ Direct, immediate knowledge without the mediation of inference or concept. For Kant, sensible intuition (space and time) provides the raw material that... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/juizo/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/juizo/ The act of predicating something of something: 'The sky is blue'; 'Socrates is mortal.' Aristotle analyzes judgments as propositions that can be true or... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/justice/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/justice/ For Plato, justice in the soul is the harmony between reason, spirit, and appetite; in the city, it is each part fulfilling its function. For Aristotle,... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/katharsis/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/katharsis/ Purification or purgation. In Greek medicine, cleansing of the body. In Pythagorean and Platonic philosophy, purification of the soul through... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/kosmos/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/kosmos/ Order, ornament, universe. The Greeks named the universe kosmos because they perceived it as ordered and beautiful, opposed to chaos. For the... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/logic/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/logic/ The science of the formal laws of correct thinking and valid argumentation. Aristotle founds logic with the Analytics and the study of the syllogism. The... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/logos/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/logos/ One of the richest terms in the Greek philosophical vocabulary: word, discourse, reason, ratio, definition. For Heraclitus, the logos is the... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/materialism/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/materialism/ A metaphysical position holding that reality is fundamentally material. The Greek atomists (Leucippus, Democritus) proposed that everything is... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/metaphysics/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/metaphysics/ Literally, what comes after physics (title given by Andronicus of Rhodes to Aristotle's writings). It is the study of being as being, of first causes,... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/mimesis/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/mimesis/ Imitation or representation. Plato uses it critically: art imitates sensible objects, which are themselves imitations of the Ideas — so art is three... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/myth/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/myth/ Sacred narrative explaining the origin of the cosmos, gods, humans, and institutions. Greek philosophy arises in tension with myth: the pre-Socratics... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/nihilism/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/nihilism/ From Latin nihil (nothing). A position denying the existence of objective values, truths, or meanings. Nietzsche diagnoses nihilism as the consequence... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/noumeno/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/noumeno/ See 'Phenomenon / Noumenon'. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/nous/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/nous/ Intellect, reason, or mind. In Anaxagoras, the Nous is the ordering principle of the cosmos, pure and separated from matter. In Plato, the highest... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/ontology/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/ontology/ The branch of philosophy that studies being as being: what exists, what are the modes of existence, what are the fundamental categories of the real. The... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/ousia/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/ousia/ 'Substance,' 'being,' 'essence.' Difficult to translate: literally 'what is' — the being-there of something. For Aristotle, *ousia* designates (a) the... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/pathos/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/pathos/ Passion, emotion, suffering, affection. What a being receives passively, in contrast to what it does actively (poiein). In Aristotelian rhetoric,... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/fenomenologia/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/fenomenologia/ A philosophical method founded by Husserl at the beginning of the 20th century. It proposes to rigorously describe phenomena as they present themselves to... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/fenomeno-noumeno/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/fenomeno-noumeno/ A central distinction in Kant's philosophy. *Phenomenon* is the object as it appears to the subject, structured by the forms of intuition (space and time)... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/philosophy-of-praxis/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/philosophy-of-praxis/ Concept developed by Antonio Gramsci to designate a philosophy that integrates theory and transformative practice. It takes up Marx's historical materialism... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/phronesis/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/phronesis/ Prudence or practical wisdom. For Aristotle, phronesis is the intellectual virtue that enables correct deliberation about the human good in... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/physis/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/physis/ Nature — both the totality of natural things and the process of birth and growth (phyein = to sprout). For the pre-Socratics, physis is the totality of... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/pneuma/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/pneuma/ 'Breath,' 'air,' 'spirit.' For the Stoics, *pneuma* is the cosmic reason (logos) that permeates and sustains the universe as an immanent tension... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/poiesis/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/poiesis/ 'Making,' 'creation,' 'production' — the act of bringing into existence something that did not exist before. For Aristotle, *poiesis* encompasses arts and... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/pragmatism/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/pragmatism/ A philosophical tradition founded by Peirce, James, and Dewey, holding that the meaning and truth of ideas are determined by their practical... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/praxis/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/praxis/ Action — specifically, free human action that has its end in itself, not in an external product. Aristotle divides sciences into theoretical... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/qualia/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/qualia/ A term in contemporary philosophy of mind (introduced by C.I. Lewis) denoting the qualitative, subjective properties of conscious experiences: the... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/quality-quantity/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/quality-quantity/ Central Aristotelian categories. Quality (ποιόν) is what something is in a certain way — white, hot, virtuous. Quantity (ποσόν) is how much something is... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/rationalism/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/rationalism/ An epistemological tradition holding that reason is the primary source of genuine knowledge, independent of experience. Descartes: innate ideas (God,... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/relativism/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/relativism/ A position holding that truth, knowledge, or moral values are relative to an individual, culture, or historical period — there are no absolute, universal... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/skepticism/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/skepticism/ A philosophical attitude of systematic doubt about the possibility of knowledge. Radical skepticism (Pyrrho of Elis) suspends judgment on all questions,... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/sophia/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/sophia/ 'Wisdom' — specifically theoretical wisdom, oriented toward knowledge of first causes and necessary truths. For Aristotle, *sophia* is the highest of the... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/sofisma/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/sofisma/ An apparently valid but actually fallacious argument, used to deceive. It is distinguished from paralogism, an unintentional logical error. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/alma/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/alma/ The vital and rational principle that, for Plato, is immortal and pre-existed the body, temporarily imprisoned in matter. Aristotle redefines the soul as... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/substance/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/substance/ What exists by itself and sustains attributes. For Aristotle, the primary substance is the concrete individual (Socrates); the secondary substance is the... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/syllogism/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/syllogism/ A form of deductive reasoning in which a conclusion necessarily follows from two premises. Canonical form (Aristotle): Major premise: All men are... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/telos/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/telos/ End, purpose, completeness. In Aristotelian philosophy, the telos is the final cause — that toward which a thing tends by its nature. Teleology is... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/the-good/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/the-good/ For Plato, the Good (to agathon) is the supreme Idea that illuminates all other Ideas and the intellect that apprehends them — compared to the Sun in the... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/theoria/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/theoria/ Contemplation, speculation, theory. For Aristotle, the theoretical life (the philosopher or scientist contemplating the necessary) is the highest... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/transcendencia/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/transcendencia/ See 'Immanence / Transcendence'. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/truth/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/truth/ Multiple philosophical concepts of truth: (1) Correspondence (Aristotle, Tarski): a proposition is true if it corresponds to the facts; (2) Coherence:... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/universals/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/universals/ General or abstract concepts applicable to multiple particulars: human, white, triangular. The problem of universals divides medieval philosophy:... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/utilitarianism/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/utilitarianism/ An ethical doctrine formulated by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill: the morally correct action is that which maximizes the happiness (or well-being,... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/virtue/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/virtue/ A stable excellence of character disposing one to act well. For Aristotle, virtue is a habit (hexis) acquired through practice, situated between two... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/weltanschauung/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/weltanschauung/ German for worldview or vision of the world: the set of presuppositions, values, and beliefs that structure how an individual, culture, or era... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/will/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/will/ The faculty of deliberation and choice. Augustine places the will at the center of moral and spiritual life: sin is the will's deviation from God toward... https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/wille-zur-macht/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/wille-zur-macht/ See 'Will' (section V). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/zoe-bios/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/glossary/zoe-bios/ A Greek distinction between two senses of 'life.' *Zoe* is bare life, the simple fact of being alive — biological life. *Bios* is qualified life, endowed...