https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/ Recent content in Articles on Philosophy in Summary — Thinkers & Syntheses Hugo en Mon, 20 Jul 2026 10:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-technology-heidegger-ellul-mumford-technique/ Mon, 20 Jul 2026 10:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-technology-heidegger-ellul-mumford-technique/ Technology as a philosophical question: from Aristotle to Heidegger, Ellul, Mumford, Günther Anders, Marcuse and Habermas — the Gestell, the megamachine, and technological rationality. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-education-paideia-rousseau-dewey-freire/ Mon, 20 Jul 2026 09:45:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-education-paideia-rousseau-dewey-freire/ From Greek paideia and Socrates to Rousseau, Kant, Dewey, and Freire: a journey through the great philosophical answers to what it means to form a human being. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-history-meaning-progress-hegel-marx-popper/ Mon, 20 Jul 2026 09:30:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-history-meaning-progress-hegel-marx-popper/ Does history have a meaning, a direction, a law? From Augustine and Vico to Hegel, Marx, and Comte, through Popper's critique of historicism and Walter Benjamin's angel of history — a tour of speculative and critical philosophy of history. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/nietzsche-will-to-power-eternal-recurrence-genealogy-morals/ Mon, 20 Jul 2026 09:15:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/nietzsche-will-to-power-eternal-recurrence-genealogy-morals/ Apollo and Dionysus, the genealogy of morals, the will to power, eternal recurrence, and the overman: the affirmative core of Nietzsche's philosophy, examined with care for sources and reception. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/logic-aristotle-frege-godel-inference-validity/ Mon, 20 Jul 2026 09:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/logic-aristotle-frege-godel-inference-validity/ A survey of logic as a philosophical discipline: Aristotle's syllogistic, Stoic logic, the Frege-Russell revolution, modal logic, and Gödel's theorems. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/kant-ethics-categorical-imperative-duty-autonomy/ Mon, 29 Jun 2026 16:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/kant-ethics-categorical-imperative-duty-autonomy/ The architecture of Kantian ethics: the good will, the categorical imperative, its three formulas, perfect and imperfect duties, autonomy, and critical reception. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/normative-ethics-deontology-consequentialism-virtue/ Mon, 29 Jun 2026 15:45:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/normative-ethics-deontology-consequentialism-virtue/ A rigorous comparison of the three main normative theories — consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics — their criteria, cross-objections, and contemporary convergences. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-time-mctaggart-presentism-eternalism-bergson/ Mon, 29 Jun 2026 15:30:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-time-mctaggart-presentism-eternalism-bergson/ Is time real? McTaggart, presentism, eternalism, the block universe, Bergson's durée, and the arrow of time — a complete map of the metaphysics of time. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-mathematics-logicism-formalism-intuitionism/ Mon, 29 Jun 2026 15:15:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-mathematics-logicism-formalism-intuitionism/ What are mathematical objects and how do we know them? An introduction to logicism, formalism, intuitionism, and the incompleteness theorems of Gödel. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/intellectual-life-sertillanges-vocation-method-study/ Mon, 22 Jun 2026 10:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/intellectual-life-sertillanges-vocation-method-study/ The Intellectual Life (1921) by Antonin Sertillanges: intellectual work as a vocation, the rule of two hours a day, the virtues of the intellectual, and the art of reading. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/the-grand-inquisitor-dostoevsky-freedom-faith/ Thu, 18 Jun 2026 16:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/the-grand-inquisitor-dostoevsky-freedom-faith/ A philosophical analysis of Dostoevsky's 'The Grand Inquisitor': the three temptations, miracle, mystery and authority, freedom versus happiness, the kiss, and the totalitarian reading. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/dostoevsky-philosophy-novel-freedom-faith-nihilism/ Thu, 18 Jun 2026 15:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/dostoevsky-philosophy-novel-freedom-faith-nihilism/ The philosophy behind Dostoevsky's novels: freedom against calculating reason, nihilism, the problem of evil, the Grand Inquisitor, and the answer of faith. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/trolley-problem-moral-dilemmas-double-effect/ Thu, 18 Jun 2026 14:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/trolley-problem-moral-dilemmas-double-effect/ The trolley problem explained: Foot and Thomson, the footbridge case, killing vs. letting die, the doctrine of double effect, Greene's moral psychology, and self-driving cars. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/skepticism-pyrrho-sextus-descartes-hume/ Thu, 18 Jun 2026 13:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/skepticism-pyrrho-sextus-descartes-hume/ Skepticism explained: ancient Pyrrhonism and epoché, the New Academy, Descartes's doubt, Hume, the brain in a vat, and the responses (Moore, Putnam, contextualism). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/utilitarianism-bentham-mill-singer-consequentialism/ Thu, 18 Jun 2026 12:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/utilitarianism-bentham-mill-singer-consequentialism/ Utilitarianism explained: Bentham's principle of utility, Mill's higher pleasures, act vs. rule, Singer and practical ethics, and the major objections. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/meaning-of-life-absurd-camus-nihilism-nagel/ Thu, 18 Jun 2026 11:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/meaning-of-life-absurd-camus-nihilism-nagel/ The question of the meaning of life: the meaning 'of' life and 'in' life, nihilism, Camus's absurd, Nagel's irony, and the analytic turn of Susan Wolf and Metz. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/feminism-waves-philosophical-currents-critiques/ Thu, 18 Jun 2026 10:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/feminism-waves-philosophical-currents-critiques/ An analytical survey of feminism: the wave model and its limits, the main philosophical currents, the key concepts, and the critiques from within and without. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/post-structuralism-postmodernity-lyotard-baudrillard/ Thu, 18 Jun 2026 09:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/post-structuralism-postmodernity-lyotard-baudrillard/ Post-structuralism and the postmodern condition explained: the radicalization of structuralism, Lyotard's incredulity toward metanarratives, Baudrillard's simulacrum, the debate with Habermas, and the critiques. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/structuralism-saussure-levi-strauss-barthes-lacan/ Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/structuralism-saussure-levi-strauss-barthes-lacan/ Structuralism explained: Saussure's linguistic model, Lévi-Strauss's anthropology, Barthes's semiology, Lacan's unconscious, Althusser's Marxism — and the post-structuralist critique. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/western-marxism-lukacs-gramsci-althusser/ Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/western-marxism-lukacs-gramsci-althusser/ Western Marxism explained: the 1923 reaction against orthodox Marxism, Lukács's reification, Gramsci's hegemony, the Frankfurt School, and Althusser's structural Marxism. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/secularization-charles-taylor-secular-age-immanent-frame/ Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/secularization-charles-taylor-secular-age-immanent-frame/ Why did belief in God go from an inescapable given to one option among others? Charles Taylor's A Secular Age reconstructs Western secularization: the three senses of 'secular', the critique of subtraction stories, the immanent frame, the buffered self, and disenchantment. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/african-philosophy-negritude-ethnophilosophy-ubuntu/ Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/african-philosophy-negritude-ethnophilosophy-ubuntu/ A survey of African philosophy: from Maat in ancient Egypt to the Timbuktu manuscripts, from Tempels's ethnophilosophy and Hountondji's critique to Négritude, the philosophy of liberation (Fanon, Nkrumah, Cabral), Ubuntu, and the contemporary thought of Mudimbe, Mbembe, and Appiah. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/byung-chul-han-burnout-society-achievement-subject/ Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/byung-chul-han-burnout-society-achievement-subject/ Why do we fall ill from an excess of positivity? Byung-Chul Han's philosophy diagnoses the shift from Foucault's disciplinary society to the achievement society, the subject's self-exploitation, burnout, transparency, and neoliberal psychopolitics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/eastern-philosophy-confucianism-taoism-buddhism-vedanta/ Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/eastern-philosophy-confucianism-taoism-buddhism-vedanta/ A survey of Asia's great philosophical traditions: the Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius, the Taoism of Laozi and Zhuangzi, the Buddhism that runs from Gautama to Nāgārjuna, and Śaṅkara's Vedānta — with methodological caution against anachronism. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/late-neoplatonism-porphyry-iamblichus-proclus/ Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/late-neoplatonism-porphyry-iamblichus-proclus/ After Plotinus: the late Neoplatonism of Porphyry (the Isagoge and the universals), Iamblichus (theurgy), and Proclus (the Elements of Theology, the triad remaining-procession-return, and the henads) — and its decisive transmission to medieval philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/latin-american-philosophy-liberation-dussel-freire-zea/ Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/latin-american-philosophy-liberation-dussel-freire-zea/ A survey of Latin American philosophy: the foundational debate over its existence (Zea vs. Salazar Bondy), Mariátegui's Marxism, Dussel's Philosophy of Liberation, Freire's pedagogy of the oppressed, Kusch's American ontology, and the decolonial thought of Quijano and Mignolo. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/medieval-arabic-islamic-philosophy-falsafa-avicenna-averroes/ Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/medieval-arabic-islamic-philosophy-falsafa-avicenna-averroes/ A survey of falsafa, medieval Arabic-Islamic philosophy: the translation movement and Al-Kindi, the Second Teacher Al-Farabi, Avicenna's metaphysics, Al-Ghazali's critique, and the response of Averroes, the Commentator who transmitted Aristotle to the Latin West. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/postcolonialism-orientalism-said-spivak-fanon/ Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/postcolonialism-orientalism-said-spivak-fanon/ A survey of postcolonial theory: Du Bois's double consciousness and Fanon's colonial psychology, Edward Said's Orientalism, Gayatri Spivak's subaltern, Homi Bhabha's hybridity, and the debates with decolonial thought. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/russian-philosophy-slavophiles-solovyov-berdyaev-bakhtin/ Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/russian-philosophy-slavophiles-solovyov-berdyaev-bakhtin/ A survey of Russian philosophy: the debate between Slavophiles and Westernizers, the anarchism of Bakunin and Kropotkin, the religious renaissance of Solovyov, Berdyaev, and Shestov, and Bakhtin's dialogic thought. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/capability-approach-sen-nussbaum-development-freedom/ Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/capability-approach-sen-nussbaum-development-freedom/ What does a dignified life mean? The capability approach of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum criticizes utilitarianism and GDP and proposes assessing well-being by the real freedoms — functionings and capabilities — that people have to live as they have reason to value. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/aristotle-nicomachean-ethics-eudaimonia-virtue-mean/ Wed, 03 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/aristotle-nicomachean-ethics-eudaimonia-virtue-mean/ Eudaimonia as the final end, the function argument, virtue as habit and as a mean (mesotes), and practical wisdom (phronesis) in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/foucault-power-knowledge-discipline-punish/ Wed, 03 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/foucault-power-knowledge-discipline-punish/ The archaeology of epistemes, Nietzschean genealogy, the power-knowledge thesis, and the analysis of discipline and the panopticon in Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/hegel-dialectic-phenomenology-spirit-master-slave/ Wed, 03 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/hegel-dialectic-phenomenology-spirit-master-slave/ Hegel's dialectic beyond the thesis-antithesis-synthesis cliché, the odyssey of consciousness in the Phenomenology of Spirit, and the famous master–slave dialectic. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/sartre-freedom-bad-faith-existence-precedes-essence/ Wed, 03 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/sartre-freedom-bad-faith-existence-precedes-essence/ The ontology of the in-itself and the for-itself in Being and Nothingness, radical freedom, bad faith, and the look of the Other in Jean-Paul Sartre's thought. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/augustine-confessions-time-free-will-city-of-god/ Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/augustine-confessions-time-free-will-city-of-god/ Augustine's philosophy: the inwardness of the Confessions, the riddle of time, evil as privation, free will and grace, and the two cities of history. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/david-hume-empiricism-causation-induction-is-ought/ Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/david-hume-empiricism-causation-induction-is-ought/ Hume's radical empiricism: impressions and ideas, the critique of causation, the problem of induction, the self as a bundle of perceptions, and the is-ought gap. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/derrida-deconstruction-differance-metaphysics-of-presence/ Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/derrida-deconstruction-differance-metaphysics-of-presence/ Jacques Derrida's deconstruction: the critique of the metaphysics of presence, différance, the trace, the supplement and 'there is no outside-text', plus the analytic–continental controversy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/deleuze-difference-repetition-rhizome-immanence/ Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/deleuze-difference-repetition-rhizome-immanence/ The philosophy of Gilles Deleuze: his critique of the dogmatic image of thought, difference in itself, the virtual, the univocity of being, and the concepts forged with Guattari — rhizome, desire, assemblage. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marx-historical-materialism-surplus-value-commodity-fetishism/ Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marx-historical-materialism-surplus-value-commodity-fetishism/ Historical materialism, the critique of political economy, and ideology in Marx: base and superstructure, the labour theory of value, surplus value and commodity fetishism. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/kierkegaard-stages-of-existence-anxiety-leap-of-faith/ Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/kierkegaard-stages-of-existence-anxiety-leap-of-faith/ The aesthetic, ethical, and religious stages, anxiety as the dizziness of freedom, despair, and the leap of faith in Kierkegaard, the father of existentialism. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/leibniz-monadology-theodicy-best-of-all-possible-worlds/ Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/leibniz-monadology-theodicy-best-of-all-possible-worlds/ The philosophy of Leibniz: the principle of sufficient reason, windowless monads, pre-established harmony, the Theodicy and the best of all possible worlds, and his anticipation of symbolic logic. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/levinas-ethics-of-the-other-face-alterity/ Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/levinas-ethics-of-the-other-face-alterity/ The philosophy of Emmanuel Lévinas: ethics as first philosophy, the critique of ontology, the infinite alterity of the Other, the epiphany of the face, responsibility. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/simone-de-beauvoir-second-sex-existentialist-feminism/ Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/simone-de-beauvoir-second-sex-existentialist-feminism/ Beauvoir as a philosopher in her own right: the ethics of ambiguity, woman as the Other, and the thesis that one is not born but becomes a woman in The Second Sex. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/wittgenstein-tractatus-investigations-language-games/ Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/wittgenstein-tractatus-investigations-language-games/ Ludwig Wittgenstein's path: the picture theory of the Tractatus, the silence of proposition 7, and the turn of the Philosophical Investigations toward meaning as use and language-games. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/animal-welfare-peter-singer-liberation-speciesism/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/animal-welfare-peter-singer-liberation-speciesism/ Peter Singer and speciesism: the utilitarian argument for animal liberation, Tom Regan, Martha Nussbaum, and the practical implications of animal ethics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/bioethics-principles-dilemmas-life-death/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/bioethics-principles-dilemmas-life-death/ Bioethics: from Beauchamp and Childress's four principles to contemporary dilemmas — euthanasia, abortion, human research, and genetic editing. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/deliberative-democracy-habermas-schmitt-mouffe/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/deliberative-democracy-habermas-schmitt-mouffe/ An examination of Habermas's theory of deliberative democracy — the discourse principle, the public sphere, Faktizität und Geltung — and its critics: Schmitt, Mouffe, Iris Marion Young, and Sheldon Wolin. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/environmental-ethics-hans-jonas-imperative-responsibility/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/environmental-ethics-hans-jonas-imperative-responsibility/ Hans Jonas and the Imperative of Responsibility: the heuristics of fear, a new ethical imperative for the technological age, and currents of contemporary environmental ethics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/ethics-artificial-intelligence-algorithms-responsibility/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/ethics-artificial-intelligence-algorithms-responsibility/ AI ethics: from the alignment problem to algorithmic bias — Bostrom, Stuart Russell, Luciano Floridi, Cathy O'Neil, Shoshana Zuboff, and the EU AI Act. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-law-positivism-natural-law-hart-dworkin/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-law-positivism-natural-law-hart-dworkin/ An overview of the philosophy of law: classical natural law, legal positivism from Bentham, Austin and Kelsen, Hart's refined positivism, the Hart-Fuller debate, and Dworkin's challenge with law as integrity. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-religion-theodicy-fideism-experience/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-religion-theodicy-fideism-experience/ A rigorous overview of philosophy of religion: proofs of God's existence, theodicy (Leibniz, Plantinga), fideism (Kierkegaard, Wittgenstein), religious experience (James, Alston), pluralism (Hick), and philosophical atheism (Mackie). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/pragmatism-peirce-james-dewey-rorty-american-philosophy/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/pragmatism-peirce-james-dewey-rorty-american-philosophy/ A panoramic survey of American pragmatism: from the Cambridge Metaphysical Club to Peirce's pragmatic maxim, James's theory of truth, Dewey's instrumentalism, and the neopragmatism of Rorty, Putnam, Brandom, and Misak. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/gettier-problem-knowledge-justified-true-belief/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/gettier-problem-knowledge-justified-true-belief/ In three pages, Edmund Gettier dismantled the classical definition of knowledge as justified true belief. This article traces the two original counterexamples and the major responses: reliabilism (Goldman), tracking (Nozick), safety (Sosa, Williamson), virtue epistemology, and knowledge-first. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/mind-body-problem-dualism-physicalism-consciousness/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/mind-body-problem-dualism-physicalism-consciousness/ From Descartes's dualism to Chalmers's hard problem: a journey through philosophy of mind, from classical materialism to the contemporary debate on qualia and consciousness. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/twentieth-century-aesthetics-benjamin-adorno-danto-art/ Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/twentieth-century-aesthetics-benjamin-adorno-danto-art/ A panoramic survey of twentieth-century philosophical aesthetics: Benjamin's aura, Adorno's Aesthetic Theory, Heidegger on the origin of the artwork, Goodman's symbolic systems, Danto and Dickie on the artworld, conceptualism, and contemporary analytic aesthetics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/free-will-determinism-compatibilism-philosophy/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/free-will-determinism-compatibilism-philosophy/ An analysis of the major philosophical positions on free will: hard determinism, compatibilism, and libertarian free will. From Epicurus to Frankfurt and Strawson. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/personal-identity-locke-hume-parfit-continuity/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/personal-identity-locke-hume-parfit-continuity/ The problem of personal identity: Locke (memory), Hume (bundle of perceptions), Parfit (psychological continuity and what really matters in survival). https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/phenomenology-movement-husserl-heidegger-merleau-ponty/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/phenomenology-movement-husserl-heidegger-merleau-ponty/ Phenomenology as a philosophical movement: Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, and Levinas — intentionality, existence, and the return to the things themselves. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-language-linguistic-turn-meaning-truth/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-language-linguistic-turn-meaning-truth/ Philosophy of language in the 20th century: Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein, Austin, Quine, and Kripke — sense, reference, speech acts, and the linguistic turn. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/rawls-nozick-justice-liberty-political-philosophy/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/rawls-nozick-justice-liberty-political-philosophy/ The central debate of 20th-century political philosophy: Rawls defends justice as fairness with redistribution; Nozick defends the minimal state and absolute individual rights. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/frankfurt-school-critical-theory-reason-emancipation/ Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/frankfurt-school-critical-theory-reason-emancipation/ The Frankfurt School and Critical Theory: from Horkheimer and Adorno to Habermas and Honneth — instrumental reason, the culture industry, and social emancipation. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/machiavelli-prince-virtu-fortuna-autonomy-of-politics/ Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/machiavelli-prince-virtu-fortuna-autonomy-of-politics/ A rigorous analysis of Machiavelli's political thought — the separation between politics and morality, a reading of The Prince and the Discourses, and the concepts of virtù, fortuna, and necessità as keys to the founding of modern politics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-science-popper-kuhn-falsification-paradigms/ Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophy-of-science-popper-kuhn-falsification-paradigms/ The great twentieth-century debate on what makes a theory scientific: Popper's falsificationism, Kuhn's paradigms and revolutions, and the developments with Lakatos and Feyerabend. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/spinoza-ethics-deus-sive-natura-monism-conatus/ Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/spinoza-ethics-deus-sive-natura-monism-conatus/ A rigorous analysis of Spinoza's philosophy: the Ethics more geometrico, the monism of a single substance (Deus sive Natura), determinism, conatus, the theory of affects, and freedom as knowledge of necessity. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/allegory-cave-plato-theory-forms-intelligible-world/ Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/allegory-cave-plato-theory-forms-intelligible-world/ A rigorous analysis of the Allegory of the Cave in Book VII of Plato's Republic, articulated with the Divided Line, the metaphor of the sun, and the Theory of Forms — the three images that structure the heart of Platonic philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/social-contract-hobbes-locke-rousseau-foundation-modern-politics/ Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/social-contract-hobbes-locke-rousseau-foundation-modern-politics/ An analysis of the three great versions of modern contractualism — Hobbes's Leviathan, Locke's civil government, and Rousseau's general will — and how each grounds a distinct model of state, liberty, and political legitimacy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/god-being-existence-proofs-critiques-philosophy-of-religion/ Tue, 19 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/god-being-existence-proofs-critiques-philosophy-of-religion/ A rigorous philosophical synthesis on the existence of God: Anselm's ontological argument, Aquinas's Five Ways, Leibniz's cosmological proof, the critiques of Hume, Kant, Nietzsche and Heidegger, and the metaphysical distinction between being and existence applied to the Absolute. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/biopower-biopolitics-foucault-agamben-governance-bodies/ Wed, 13 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/biopower-biopolitics-foucault-agamben-governance-bodies/ Biopower and biopolitics from Foucault to Agamben and Mbembe: disciplinary society, making live and letting die, homo sacer, necropolitics, and the challenges of the digital age. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/existentialism-philosophy-freedom-sartre-heidegger-kierkegaard/ Wed, 13 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/existentialism-philosophy-freedom-sartre-heidegger-kierkegaard/ A comprehensive overview of existentialism: from Kierkegaard to Sartre, through Heidegger, Jaspers, Camus, and Beauvoir — existence, freedom, anguish, and authenticity. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/francis-bacon-empirical-method-idols-mind/ Wed, 13 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/francis-bacon-empirical-method-idols-mind/ Francis Bacon and the revolution of knowledge: Novum Organum, the four idols of the mind, Baconian induction, and the birth of the modern empirical method. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/justice-philosophy-plato-aristotle-rawls-natural-law/ Wed, 13 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/justice-philosophy-plato-aristotle-rawls-natural-law/ The concept of justice in philosophy: Plato, Aristotle, natural law, contractualism, utilitarianism, Rawls, Nozick, Sen, and contemporary debates. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/montaigne-essays-skepticism-self-knowledge/ Wed, 13 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/montaigne-essays-skepticism-self-knowledge/ Montaigne and the Essays: Pyrrhonian skepticism, 'Que sais-je?', cultural relativism, and the invention of the essay as an exercise in self-knowledge. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/truth-philosophy-aletheia-correspondence-coherence/ Wed, 13 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/truth-philosophy-aletheia-correspondence-coherence/ The concept of truth in philosophy: Greek alétheia, correspondence theory, coherence, pragmatism, Heidegger, Foucault, and the challenge of post-truth. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/mario-ferreira-dos-santos-concrete-philosophy/ Tue, 12 May 2026 15:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/mario-ferreira-dos-santos-concrete-philosophy/ A study of the work of Mário Ferreira dos Santos (1907–1968), Brazilian philosopher and author of Concrete Philosophy, the largest systematic philosophical project ever attempted in Brazil. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/aristotle-new-perspective-olavo-de-carvalho-four-discourses/ Tue, 12 May 2026 14:00:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/aristotle-new-perspective-olavo-de-carvalho-four-discourses/ A rigorous analysis of the Theory of the Four Discourses formulated by Olavo de Carvalho in Aristotle in a New Perspective: poetics, rhetoric, dialectic and analytics as a unified hierarchy of the Organon. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/socrates-plato-aristotle-founding-triad-greek-philosophy/ Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/socrates-plato-aristotle-founding-triad-greek-philosophy/ Socrates, Plato and Aristotle form the founding triad of classical philosophy. Understand the order, the master-pupil relationship and the ruptures between them. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/heidegger-being-time-dasein-question-being/ Sun, 10 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/heidegger-being-time-dasein-question-being/ Martin Heidegger's philosophy: the question of being, the existential analytic of Dasein, being-in-the-world, anxiety, being-toward-death, the turn, and the critique of modern technology. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/stoicism-ethics-virtue-art-living-nature/ Sun, 10 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/stoicism-ethics-virtue-art-living-nature/ Stoicism from Zeno to Marcus Aurelius: virtue as the sole good, mastery of the passions, the physics of the cosmic logos, and the enduring influence of Stoic ethics on philosophy and culture. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/thomas-aquinas-faith-reason-five-ways-scholastic-synthesis/ Sun, 10 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/thomas-aquinas-faith-reason-five-ways-scholastic-synthesis/ The philosophy of Thomas Aquinas: the harmonization of faith and reason, the five ways of demonstrating God's existence, natural law, virtue ethics, and the synthesis of Aristotle and Christianity. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/freud-philosophy-psychoanalysis-unconscious-civilization-discontents/ Sat, 09 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/freud-philosophy-psychoanalysis-unconscious-civilization-discontents/ The relationship between Freud and philosophy: the unconscious, the critique of reason, civilization and its discontents, Eros and Thanatos, and the impact of psychoanalysis on contemporary thought. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/gadamer-philosophical-hermeneutics-understanding-dialogue-tradition/ Sat, 09 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/gadamer-philosophical-hermeneutics-understanding-dialogue-tradition/ Hans-Georg Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics: the fusion of horizons, the hermeneutical circle, the rehabilitation of prejudices, and the centrality of dialogue in understanding. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/hannah-arendt-political-philosophy-banality-evil-vita-activa/ Sat, 09 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/hannah-arendt-political-philosophy-banality-evil-vita-activa/ Hannah Arendt's political thought: the banality of evil, the human condition, vita activa, totalitarianism, and the defense of public space as the realm of freedom. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/a-priori-a-posteriori-knowledge-kant-epistemology/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/a-priori-a-posteriori-knowledge-kant-epistemology/ The distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge: from Leibniz and Hume to Kant, the empiricist critiques of Mill and Quine, and Kripke's turn. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/alienation-philosophy-hegel-marx-labor/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/alienation-philosophy-hegel-marx-labor/ The concept of alienation in philosophy: Hegel, Feuerbach, Marx (alienated labor, commodity fetishism), Marcuse, and Debord. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/arche-originary-principle-pre-socratics/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/arche-originary-principle-pre-socratics/ A philosophical analysis of arché (ἀρχή) — from Thales to Aristotle — the concept of originary principle that inaugurated Greek rational thought. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/autonomy-philosophy-kant-freedom-morality/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/autonomy-philosophy-kant-freedom-morality/ From Greek origins to contemporary bioethics: how Kant, Rousseau, Mill, Sartre, and Frankfurt shaped the philosophical concept of autonomy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/beauty-philosophical-aesthetics-plato-kant-art/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/beauty-philosophical-aesthetics-plato-kant-art/ The history of beauty in philosophy: from Plato and Aristotle to Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche. Aesthetics, catharsis, the sublime, and art. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/bios-ways-of-life-greek-philosophy-aristotle/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/bios-ways-of-life-greek-philosophy-aristotle/ Bíos and zoé in Greek philosophy: ways of life in Aristotle, Plato, the Stoics, Arendt, Agamben, and Hadot. Contemplative, political, and practical life. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/cogito-ergo-sum-cartesian-foundation/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/cogito-ergo-sum-cartesian-foundation/ A philosophical analysis of the Cartesian cogito — from the Meditations to the Discourse on Method — its interpretations, critiques, and influence on modern and contemporary philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/doxa-episteme-opinion-knowledge-philosophy/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/doxa-episteme-opinion-knowledge-philosophy/ The distinction between doxa (opinion) and episteme (knowledge) from Parmenides to Bourdieu: Plato, Aristotle, skepticism, Descartes, and Husserl. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/epoche-suspension-judgment-skepticism-phenomenology/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/epoche-suspension-judgment-skepticism-phenomenology/ A philosophical analysis of epoché (ἐποχή) — from Pyrrhonian suspension of judgment to Husserl's phenomenological reduction — and its role in the history of epistemology. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/hedonism-pleasure-philosophical-principle/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/hedonism-pleasure-philosophical-principle/ A philosophical analysis of hedonism — from Aristippus and Epicurus to Bentham and Mill — its variants, critiques, and relevance for contemporary ethics. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/maimonides-philosophy-reason-faith-guide-perplexed/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/maimonides-philosophy-reason-faith-guide-perplexed/ The philosophy of Maimonides: negative theology, the Guide for the Perplexed, the harmony of reason and faith, and his impact on Aquinas. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/nous-intellect-greek-philosophy-anaxagoras-aristotle/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/nous-intellect-greek-philosophy-anaxagoras-aristotle/ The concept of nous in Greek philosophy: Anaxagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, and the medieval reception in Averroes and Thomas Aquinas. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/peter-abelard-logic-universals-ethics-intention/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/peter-abelard-logic-universals-ethics-intention/ The philosophy of Peter Abelard: logic and dialectic, conceptualism in the problem of universals, ethics of intention, the Sic et Non method, and the conflict with Bernard of Clairvaux. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophical-idealism-plato-kant-hegel/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/philosophical-idealism-plato-kant-hegel/ A survey of philosophical idealism: Plato, Berkeley, Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, British idealism, and critiques by Marx, Russell, and Moore. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/physis-nature-becoming-greek-concept/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/physis-nature-becoming-greek-concept/ A philosophical analysis of physis (φύσις) — from Heraclitus and Aristotle to Heidegger — the concept of nature at the root of Western philosophical tradition. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/plotinus-neoplatonism-one-emanation-enneads/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/plotinus-neoplatonism-one-emanation-enneads/ The philosophy of Plotinus: the One, the three hypostases, emanation, mystical return, and the influence of Neoplatonism on Christian and Islamic thought. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/schopenhauer-will-representation-pessimism/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/schopenhauer-will-representation-pessimism/ Schopenhauer's philosophy: the Will as thing-in-itself, pessimism, the veil of Maya, and redemption through art, compassion, and asceticism. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/substance-philosophy-aristotle-descartes-spinoza/ Fri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/substance-philosophy-aristotle-descartes-spinoza/ The concept of substance (ousia/substantia) through the history of philosophy: Aristotle, scholasticism, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Kant, and contemporary critique. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/schopenhauer-representation-will-music-mirror-world/ Wed, 06 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/schopenhauer-representation-will-music-mirror-world/ Schopenhauer's aesthetics: the Ideas as grades of objectification of the Will, aesthetic contemplation, the hierarchy of the arts (architecture, sculpture, poetry), and music as a direct copy of the Will — with its influence on Wagner, Nietzsche, Langer, and Adorno. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/structure-of-reality-philosophical-traditions/ Wed, 06 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/structure-of-reality-philosophical-traditions/ A panoramic journey through philosophy's most fundamental question — what is reality? — from the Pre-Socratics to quantum physics, through Plato, Aristotle, medievalism, rationalism, idealism, materialism, phenomenology, and analytic philosophy. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/nietzsche-nihilism-contemporary-society/ Wed, 29 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/nietzsche-nihilism-contemporary-society/ An analysis of nihilism in Nietzsche — from 'God is dead' to the Übermensch — and a rigorous comparison with the nihilistic symptoms of contemporary society: social media, the crisis of meaning, populism, and the emptiness of consumerism. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/judith-butler-gender-performativity-critiques/ Tue, 28 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/judith-butler-gender-performativity-critiques/ A rigorous analysis of Judith Butler's thought — from gender performativity to queer theory — followed by an honest critical assessment of the weak points and the most compelling philosophical objections to her work. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-5/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:42:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-5/ A presentation of Cahier V of Joseph Maréchal's Le point de départ de la métaphysique — the heart of the work — arguing that intellectual dynamism toward Absolute Being is a transcendental condition of every act of knowledge, making a critically grounded metaphysics of being possible and necessary. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-4/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:41:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-4/ Fourth article in the Maréchal series: analysis of the idealist system in Kant and its development in Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel — the limits of post-Kantian idealism and the preparation for the Thomistic synthesis of Book V. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-3/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:40:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-3/ A detailed reading of Cahier III of Joseph Maréchal's Le point de départ de la métaphysique, exploring Maréchal's sympathetic yet critical engagement with Kant's Critique of Pure Reason — from the Transcendental Aesthetic to the Dialectic and the latent dynamism of reason toward the Absolute. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-2/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:39:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-2/ An examination of Cahier II of Joseph Maréchal's Le point de départ de la métaphysique, analyzing the conflict between rationalism and empiricism — Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume — as the prelude to the Kantian crisis. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-1/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:38:00 -0300 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/marechal-starting-point-metaphysics-book-1/ An in-depth reading of Cahier I of Joseph Maréchal's Le point de départ de la métaphysique, tracing the problem of objective knowledge from the pre-Socratics through Plato, Aristotle, and Scholasticism. https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/pre-socratics-greek-philosophy/ Mon, 27 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://filosofiaemresumo.com.br/en/artigos/pre-socratics-greek-philosophy/ A complete guide to the pre-Socratic philosophers — from Thales of Miletus to Democritus's atomism — covering schools, concepts, the problem of the arché and the legacy for Western thought.